Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What are the three components to a behavior?
- a stimulus
- a thought or cognition
- a response.
What are the four steps to a therapeutic process?
- Therapist identifies the maladaptive cognitions that need to be changed.
- Therapist and client decide on new thoughts and attitudes to replace the old ones.
- therapist models the new behavior while providing constructive self instruction.
- Client takes what was learned in session and uses the constructive self-instruction on his own outside of therapy.
What is Person-Centered Therapy?
A humanistic approach to therapy that encourages self-disclosure in order to build trust, empathy, understanding, and genuineness.
What is Family Systems Therapy?
A therapeutic technique based on the assumption that each individual in a family must be addressed within the context of their interrelationships and interdependencies.
What is Aversion Therapy?
The continual pairing of a stimulus associated with undesirable target behavior with a noxious stimulus; over time presentation of the original stimulus elicits the same response as the noxious stimulus.
What is Reality Therapy?
An approach to psychotherapy that focuses on the client’s “here-and-now” and the means to creating a better future through decision-making and control.
What is Attitude?
A person’s perspective, or opinion, about a specific target.
Who was William James?
Known as the Father of American Psychology, first American psychology lab at Harvard.
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
Developed independently of Carl Lange in 1880’s. Emotions result from perception of bodily sensations from physiological changes. Contrast common sense notion that physiological changes arise from emotion. Therefore James argues that we feel sad because we cry, we do not cry because we are sad.
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?
It states that when confronted with an arousing event, people first feel an emotion and then experience physiological reactions such as sweating, muscle tension, or trembling.
What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
Developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, states that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and cognition; emotional experiences are defined by the way in which individuals interpret or appraise their physiological arousal and bodily responses to an event.
What is Covert Sensitization?
It is a behavioral therapeutic technique, that pairs imaginary negative consequences with an undesirable behavior. To reduce the likelihood of undesirable behavior.
What is Shaping?
Using selective reinforcement to modify a general response to a specific response. It involves building a behavior by dividing it into small increments or steps and teaching one step at a time until the desired behavior is achieved; the steps become a series of intermediate goals.
What is Flooding?
A behavioral technique used to treat Phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus repeatedly until the associated Anxiety disappears.
What is Inoculation?
A three-phase training program for stress management often used in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
What is Chaining?
An instructional technique that transforms a learned response into a stimulus for the next desired response.
What is Overcorrection?
A mildly aversive Behavior Modification technique in which the person being treated is made to restore the environment to a better condition than it was in before the inappropriate behavior occurred.
What is Covert Modeling?
It is a Behavioral therapeutic technique that increases desirable behavior by imagining others performing similar behaviors with positive outcomes. Client imagines specific positive consequences of a new behavior.
What is Participant Modeling?
A type of role modeling in which the therapist first engages in a desired behavior, and then through the use of aids, the client gradually moves towards the ability to perform the desired task.
What is Systematic Desensitization?
A process that exposes individuals to stressful situations under relaxed conditions, reducing the stress associated with the situation over time.
What is Negative Reinforcement
An increase in the frequency of a response by removing an aversive event immediately after the response is performed.
Coping Skills training
A cognitive behavioral process, that teaches clients skills by using positive self-statements and imagery to increase cognitive, behavioral and affective proficiencies. Used for managing anxiety-provoking situations, from situational-based stressors to chronic anxiety disorders.
Avoidance Conditioning
A form of Operant Conditioning in which an organism is trained to avoid certain responses or situations associated with negative consequences.
In Vivo Desensitization
A CBT therapeutic intervention, often used to reduce and ultimately eliminate undesirable responses such as fear and anxiety.
Habituation
A decrease in responsiveness resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between different stimuli.
What does the basal ganglia regulate?
It regulates the initiation of movement, balance, eye movement, and posture. Links the the thalamus with the motor cortex. Involved in cognitive and emotional behaviors and a role in reward and reinforcement, addictive behavior and habit formation.
Aaron Beck
Collaborative Empiricism. Believes client and therapist are equal partners working together. They must have mutual understanding, open communication, respect. Client is capable of objectively analyzing his own issues and arriving at a conclusion.
What was Aaron Beck’s approach to therapy?
His approach is through Guided Discovery, a socratic-style questioning to help the client arrive at objective understanding. Helping the client to develop and test hypotheses about his or her own beliefs.
