Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What is the most basic defense mechanism according to psychoanalytic theory?
repression – unconscious rejection of painful or shameful experiences from consciousness
Name Freud’s psychoanalytic defense mechanisms.
repression denial reaction formation rationalization projection displacement fixation sublimation projective identification splitting intellectualization undoing
What are the 4 steps of psychoanalysis?
confrontation: patient must be shown they are behaving neurotically
clarification: issues motivating behavior are explored
interpretation: repeated by therapist until change occurs
insight: patient understands
catharsis: emotional release from recall of unconscious material
working through: assimilation of insights
What is an “object introject”?
a mental representation of a person (self or another)
client-centered therapy
Rogers
based on self-actualization
discrepancy between real self and ideal self
“incongruence”–>conflict between self-concept and experience; they are selectively perceived, distorted and denied, lead to maladjustment
Rogers’ 3 facilitative conditions for therapy
empathy
unconditional positive regard
congruence/genuineness
(CUE)
Existential/logotherapy
Frankl
primary motivating force = search for meaning in life
1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even most miserable
2. main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life
3. we have freedom to find meaning in what we do and experience
Gestalt therapy
Perls
focus on “here and now”
everyone can live fully as whole integrated person
self vs. self image
defense mechanisms according to Gestalt
introjection: uncritically absorbing info without understanding or assimilating it
projection: attributing own unacceptable thoughts/feelings to someone else
retroflection: doing to self what want to do to others
deflection: avoidance of awareness by being vague, indirect or overly polite
confluence: result of too thin boundary between self and environment; self merged into others
isolation: no boundary between self and environment; no importance of others
Gestalt techniques
Perls directed awareness I statements dream analysis empty chair
Reality therapy
Glasser
based on choice theory: balance of 5 basic needs ("success" vs "failure" identity)
survival
love and belonging
power
freedom
funReality therapy techniques
role play use of humor confronting client plan formulation WDEP: exploring WANTS DIRECTION of what client wants EVALUATION if behavior is getting client closer PLANNING to make positive changes
Cognitive therapy
identifies and modifies dysfunctional cognitions (automatic thoughts, logical errors, underlying assumptions) that cause maladaptive behavior and emotional responding
stress inoculation training
treatment for aggressive or impulsive behavior
- educate client how faulty cognitions prevent appropriate and adaptive coping
- rehearsal of new skills and ways of thinking about stressful situations
- application to real or imagined situations
cognitive therapy
Beck
how one thinks determines how one feels and behaves
maladaptive cognitions are treated as testable hypotheses with therapist
3 levels of cognition (Beck)
automatic thoughts
schema (core beliefs/underlying assumptions)
cognitive distortions
types of cognitive distortions
arbitrary inference selective abstraction overgeneralization magnification and minimization personalization dichotomous thinking
cognitive techniques of CT
eliciting automatic thoughts: keeping a daily log
decatastrophizing: aka “what if” technique - develop strategies for specific feared consequences
reattribution: considering alternative causes of events
redefining: restating a problem in terms that emphasize client control
behavioral techniques of CT
homework activity scheduling graded task assignments (GTAs) hypothesis testing behavioral rehearsal/role playing diversion techniques
biofeedback
EMG biofeedback=tension headaches
thermal biofeedback = migraine, Raynaud’s
neurofeedback (EEG) = ADHD, depression, stroke, epilepsy, head injuries
motivational interviewing
designed to resolve ambivalence
1. express empathy through reflective listening
2. develop discrepancy between client’s goals and current problem behavior
3. avoid argument and direct confrontation
4. roll with resistance
support self-efficacy for change
schema therapy
intergrates CBT, attachment, Gestalt, object relations, constructivist, and psychoanalytic
treats core psychological themes (“early maladaptive schemas”)
Communication/Interaction therapy
all behavior is a form of communication
double-bind communication: two aspects of same communication contradicting one another
metacommunication: two levels “report” = intended verbal statement; “command” = implicit nonverbal level
symmetrical communications: equality between communicators; leads to conflict and competition
complementary communications: inequality in communication; one is dominant
extended family systems therapy
Bowen
includes members of extended family
dysfunction is an intergenerational process
bowenian theory
differentiation of self triangulation nuclear family emotional system family projective process emotional cutoff multigenerational transmission process sibling position societal regression
techniques of extended family systems therapy
genograms
triangulation: therapist casts self as third person in triangle
structural family therapy
Minuchin
complex system that is underfunctioning
therapist undermines existing homeostasis, create crises
boundary problems in structural family therapy
triangulation
detouring
stable coalition
techniques of structural family therapy
joining: by using mimesis (mimicing family style and language) and tracking (identifying with family values and history)
family map: charts family transactional patterns
restructuring the family: enactment (role playing family relationships and situations) and reframing (behavior relabeled in more positive light)
object relations family therapy
INSIGHT is a core requirement for family change
problems are interpreted as transferences resulting from early mother-child relationship
family transferences to therapist are important
stages of group therapy (Yalom)
- orientation, participation, search for meaning, dependency (hesitant to share personal info; dependent on leader for communication/approval)
- conflict, dominance, rebellion: members establish place in group, amount of power; communication becomes more hostile and critical, esp toward leader
- cohesiveness: trust develops, positive and supportive communication; increased self-disclosures and participation.
* *Leader: works to avoid subgrouping, moving toward goals
therapeutic factors of group therapy (Yalom)
instillation of hope universality imparting information altruism recapitulation of primary family group socialization techniques imitative behavior interpersonal learning** cohesiveness** ---> research:most associated with member success catharsis** existential factors **most important according to Yalom however instillation of hope was most useful to lower-functioning clients
emic vs. etic
emic=studying culture from inside
etic=studying culture from ouTside
According to Sue & Sue, American culture is epitomized by…
internal locus of control
internal sense of responsibility
Berry’s acculturation model
Integration –> high retention of minority culture; high maintenance of mainstream culture low stress
Assimilation –> LOW retention of minority culture; high maintenance of mainstream culture moderate stress
Separation –> HIGH retention of minority culture; rejection of mainstream culture HIGH STRESS
Marginalization –>low retention of minority culture; low maintenance of mainstream (not fully in either culture) *HIGH STRESS
stages of the Minority Development Model (MID) by Atkinson, Morten & Sue
Conformity –> prefers dominant culture
Dissonance –>culture confusion and conflict
Resistance and Immersion –> actively reject dominant, endorse minority views to combat racism, strong distrust of white society
Introspection –> begins to question unequivocal loyalty to minority
Synergistic Articulation and Awareness –> greater individual autonomy, resolves conflicts
Helms’ White Racial Identity Model
Contact –> ignorance of racial differences; limited contact
Disintegration –>greater awareness through contact; confusion/conflict
Reintegration –> Whites are superior
Pseudo-independence –> dissatisfaction with reintegration, reexamination of beliefs
Immersion-Emersion –> embrace whiteness without rejecting minority
Autonomy –> nonracist White identity, seek out cross-race interactions
Cross’ Nigrescence model
Pre-encounter –> worldview dominated by white determinants; blame AfAmericans themselves; assimilation and integration are solution
Encounter –> personal/social event dislodges from preencounter; search for AfAmerican identity
Immersion-Emersion –> struggles to destroy old identity; denigrate whites, deify AfAmericans
Internalization –> ideological flexibility, psycho openness, self-confidence; anti-white feelings decline
Internalization-Commitment –> translate internalized feelings to group; increase in activism to improve condition of AfAmericans
Troiden’s model of homosexual identity development
sensitization (before puberty) – has feelings but doesn’t understand them
identity confusion: (adolescence 17 males, 18 females) realizes may be homosexual
identity assumption: (19-21 males; 21-23 females) coming out
identity commitment: (21-24 males; 22-23 females) adopting lifestyle
what are the 3 phases of the Phase Model of Psychotherapy?
remoralization –>main outcome is improve feelings of hopelessness and desperation (1-5th session)
remediation –> focus on Sx reduction/relief (5-15 sessions)
rehabilitation –> gradual improvement in aspects of life functioning
What is the “conversion V” pattern on the MMPI2?
1 (hypochondriasis) and 3 (hysteria) are high; 2 (depression) is low
What is the “psychotic V” or parnoid valley on the MMPI2?
scale 6 and 8 high, 7 low
What is the passive-aggressive pattern on the MMPI2?
4 and 6 high, 5 low
MMPI2 validity scales
L scale: “lie” scale –> attempt to fake good, or lack of insight
low score=indicate independence, exaggeration of negative characteristics, direct or blunt responding
F scale: “infrequency” scale –> atypical responding,
high score= deviant or antisocal personality, malingering, over 90 makes protocol invalid
K scale: “defensiveness” scale –>
high score= fake good, defensive, deny problems, well educated score higher
low score= low self-image, self-critical
What are the “Big 5” personality traits?
CANOE conscientiousness anxiety neuroticism openness extroversion
empirical criterion keying
a large pool of items is given to members of two or more populations and the items that best distinguish among the populations are retained.
What is the phenomenon of having a distorted perception of another, based on one’s past significant relationships called?
transference (Freud)
What is reaction formation?
A Freudian defense mechanism used when a person avoids an anxiety-evoking urge by expressing the OPPOSITE.
What is displacement?
Freudian defense mechanism: “taking it out” on wrong person (displaced anxiety or anger)
What is rationalization?
Freudian defense mechanism: rationalizing behavior through diminishing, over explaining, etc.
Perls
Gestalt
The WHOLE pearl necklace
Adler
Individual
Jung
Analytical Psychotherapy
Rogers
Person-centered therapy
Mr. Rogers is a caring person
Frankl
Existential/logotherapy
Mans Search for Meaning
Glasser
Reality therapy
Looking GLASS shows you REALITY
Kelly
Personal construct therapy
de Shazar
Solution-focused therapy
SHAZAM! There’s your solution!
Prochanska & DiClemente
Transtheoretical model of behavior change
MRI Palo Alto
Communication/Interaction family therapy
Minuchin
Structural Family Therapy
Minuchin knows the STRUCTURE of the govt
Haley
Strategic family therapy
Haley’s comet is strategic
Difference between feminist and no sexist therapy?
Nonsexist focus on individual factors and modifying personal behavior
