Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What are the four common assumptions for psychodynamic psychotherapy?
- unconscious processes spur human behavior
- early development impacts adult behavior
- universal principles explain personality development and behvior
- insight into the unconscious is key in therapy
When do the id, ego, and superego each develop?
ID at birth, EGO at 6 months of age, SUPEREGO between 4 and 6 years of age
What 2 interrelated theories make up Freud’s personality theory?
structural (drive) theory and developmental theory
The id operates on what principle, meaning what? The ego is limited by what principle, which means what?
Id and the pleasure principle - immediate gratification of needs and drive to avoid tension. Ego and the reality principle - contending with reality because not all needs can be gratified and need suitable ways to meet them.
The superego finds ways to help the id meet its drives rationally, T or F?
False, that’s the ego’s function. The superego attempts to permanently block the id’s socially unacceptable impulses.
According to Freud’s developmental theory, what are the 5 predetermined phases?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
How does the ego ward off danger when rational or realistic means are not available? Name 2 examples. Name how they operate generally.
Defense mechanisms. repression, reaction formations, projection. Operate unconciously and deny/distort reality.
How would a Freudian practitioner view maladaptive behavior generally? That is, it arises from what kind of conflict when in a person’s life?
unconcious, unresolved conflict early in life
Distinguish confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through in Freudian psychoanalysis.
confrontation - help see behavior in different ways
clarify - rearticulate behavior more clearly
interpret - clarify and connect to unconscious processes
working through - integration of conscious and unconscious content
What are some ways Freudian psychoanalysis has been updated in recent history?
more egalitarian therapeutic relationship and rethinking of transference/countertranference
Adler and Freud agreed that all behavior is purposeful, T/F?
true
Adler adopted what kind of approach in how they thought of human behavior, meaning what?
teleological approach, meaning that behavior is mostly motivated by desires for the future, not by past events
define style of life in Adlerian individual psychology
the specific ways a person chooses to compensate for their feelings of inferiority and achieve superiority
how and when might a mistaken style of life emerge in someone according to Adler? what would it entail?
When person is negatively affected by early family experiences especially neglect. est. by 4-5 years of age. would entail goals reflecting selfishness, feelings of inferiority, competitiveness, striving for power.
the misbehavior of young children is assumed to be about what 4 potential goals according to Adler?
attention, power, revenge, and displaying deficiency
what kind of energy shifts through a person’s developmental stages (Freud)?
psychosexual/libido
Who among these emphasized the importance of past events in a person’s life and who viewed future goals as important? Freud, Jung, and Adler
Freud - past
Adler - future
Jung - both
the anima and animus are respectively what aspects of personality (Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy)
feminine and masculine aspects of personality
Jung described personality consisting of 2 attitudes (___ and ___) and four basic psychological functions (___, ___, ___, and ___) with one function operating predominating the consciousness
extraversion and introversion; thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting
Define individuation (Jung)
integrating of both conscious and unconscious parts of the psyche to develop one’s unique identity (often in adulthood)
What techniques did Jungians rely on to help a client integrate their conscious and unconscious processes?
interpretation, dreamwork, and considering transference
Jung conceived of the collective unconscious. T/F
T
objects relations therapists are concerned with helping clients replace dysfunctional internalized object representations with…by what kind of conditions and interventions?
more functional ones; supportive and accepting conditions and bringing unconscious dynamics to awareness
What therapist was concerned with infants developing their own physical and psychological identities, first experiencing “infintile autism” and then undergoing a separation-individuation phase around from 4 months old to 3 years old?
Margaret Mahler
According to Kernberg, what infantile process was not matured that leads to maladaptive behavior in individuals with ___ personality disorder? Why would that occur?
splitting; Borderline; adverse early child experiences
what are the five common characteristics of humanistic/constructivist therapies
- phenomenological approach (subjective exp)
- focus on current behaviors
- anybody can self-actualize/self-determine
- therapy relationship is authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian
- reject traditional assessment techniques/dx labels
Carl Rogers’ central notion of personality was the ___
self
Person-centered or Rogerian therapists are largely non-___ and do not provide diagnoses or interpret transference. Instead they emphasize what 3 conditions in therapy?
directive; unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence), and accurate empathy
(Perls/Gestalt) what is introjection?
a person accepts psychological concepts, facts, or standards without truly considering them or understanding them (often overly compliant)
(perls/Gestalt) what is projection?
disowning aspects of the self and assigning them to others (paranoia)
(perls/Gestalt) what is retroflection
doing to self what wish could do to others (like turning anger inward)
(perls/Gestalt) what is confluence
intolerance of distinctions between self and others, such that boundaries therein are hazy (underlies guilt and resentment)
How do Gestalt therapists feel about transference?
largely disregard it as unhelpful fantasy
what is the primary goal of Gestalt therapy? (starts with an “A”)
Awareness - integrating all aspects of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here and now to develop understanding and acceptance of disparate parts of self
Describe the primary goal of existential therapy
help clients live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways, I.e. helped to come to terms with their own responsibility for their lives and choose their own destinies
Logotherapy is what kind of humanistic therapy?
existential
what is the primary goal of reality therapy?
help the client identify responsible and effective ways to meet their needs and achieve a “success identity”
what kind of identity is the goal for reality therapists to help their clients attain?
success identity
a reality therapist would agree with Freud that understanding unconscious processes are vital for therapy. T/F
False
how might a reality therapist feel about a client’s statement that they are depressed because of circumstances they have been placed in?
reject that notion and attribute mental illness to a failure to meet one’s needs or to do so responsibly
How did Fritz Perls and William Glasser feel about transference?
Rejected it or thought it unhelpful. Perls - Gestalt. Glasser - Reality Therapy.
George Kelly was what kind of therapist?
personal constructivist
How would a personal constructivist therapist help a client? Name a way they might do this.
they would help them develop new, more flexible and accurate personal constructs; help the client test out new predictions for constructs
George Kelly described “personal constructs” as…
bipolar dimensions of meaning and mental templates for making sense of the world
Interpersonal Therapy recognizes contributions of early experience, biology, and personality to depression and other disorders, but its primary focus is on what 3 things?
current social relationships, reducing sxs, and bettering interpersonal functioning
name the 4 primary problem areas of interpersonal therapy
unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits
how do solution-focused therapists view etiologies of clinical problems?
Irrelevant. It’s more useful to talk about solutions to problems instead.
solution-focused therapists generally implement what kind of therapy techniques? name the three most common varities of this broader category
questions; the miracle question, scaling questions, exception questions
According to the trans theoretical model, persons in the contemplation stage are considering making changes within the next ___ months, and those in the preparation stage plan to make changes when?
6 months; within the next month
How concerned are transtheoretical therapists with etiology of behavioral problems
not at all. instead they focus on 10 core processes of changes. Read: motivational interviewing therapists similar focus on behavior change in the present
Motivational interviewing combines ___ from Rogerian therapy and ___ from Bandura and transtheoretical therapy
empathy, reflective listening, and nonconfrontational responses to resistance; self-efficacy
OARS (open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summaries) are most associated with what type of therapy?
motivational interviewing
Describe how a general systems theorist would describe a family, as in what kind of system they are in and what that means
a family as an open system capable of influencing and receiving input from environment and is more open to change
according to the idea of ___ in family systems theory, families are prone to maintaining the status quo and if one member’s functioning improves, the problem tends to what?
homeostatis; manifest elsewhere in the system
according to family systems theory and cybernetics, a negative feedback loop is what? how does it contrast with a positive feedback loop?
a neg feedback loop helps maintain the status quo, while a pos feedback loop fosters change to the system
Gregory Bateson is well-known for his work on the role of ___ in the development of what disorder?
double-bind communication; schizophrenia
describe double-bind communication and how a person in that situation would be allowed to respond to it in their system
when someone in a family system has two opposing injunctions; they cannot comment on it or seek help
In communication/interaction family therapy symmetrical communications reflect what while complementary communications reflect what?
equality; inequality
Jung was concerned with individuation, while Bowen was concerned with differentiation. T/F?
T
In extended family systems therapy, differentiation of self refers to what?
a person’s ability to separate their emotional and intellectual functioning and not be “fused” with the emotions dominating their family. Read: the undifferentiated family ego mass is used to describe a family whose members are highly emotionally fused.
an emotional triangle forms when…(extended family systems)
a dyad experiences considerable instability or stress and a third person is brought in to reduce it
describe a family projection process (hint, it’s generational) (extended family systems)
the emotional problems of parents are transmitted to their children who get even lower differentiation. Read: often with eldest child, the “special” child, or child born during time of family stress
Which family therapist or systems theorist valued genograms most?
Bowen / extended family systems
explain boundaries from a structural family therapy perspective. What kind of boundaries exist when family members are isolated or disengaged? enmeshed or overly close?
the rules in a family that permit how much contact is allowed between members; overly rigid boundaries; overly permeable boundaries
what is the main long term goal of structural family therapy?
restructuring the family and its boundaries
what are the three primary therapy techniques of structural family therapy in their specific order? define each briefly
joining (blending with the family as a leader and adopting family’s communication style and naming significant parts of family’s story), evaluating the family structure (make structural diagnosis), restructuring the family (use techniques like enactment and reframing to change homeostasis and transform family structure)
According to Minuchin/structural family therapy, what were the three kinds of rigid triads?
detouring, stable coalition, and triangulation
According to structural family therapy, what is detouring in the rigid triad?
parents focus on a child’s problems by either scapegoating them or completing protecting them
According to structural family therapy, what is a stable coalition in the rigid triad?
a parent and child team up to gang up on the other parent frequently
According to structural family therapy, what is triangulation in the rigid triad?
each parent demands an allegiance from the child (or another party) against the other parent (pulled in 2 directions always)
Jay Haley was what kind of family therapist?
strategic family therapist
strategic family therapy in the first session is usually pretty loose and unstructured. T/F
False, it is highly structured in 4 stages (social stage, problem stage, interaction stage, goal setting)
Strategic family therapists often give directives including what kind of apparently senseless technique?
paradoxical intervention
why might a strategic family therapist offer a paradoxical intervention for a family client?
help them see the symptoms or behavior in a new way or help them understand their control over the behavior or making use of resistance
what is particularly unique about the approach of Milan systemic family therapy compared to other therapies?
a therapeutic team where only 1-2 therapists meet with the family at any given time and the others are observing behind a two way mirror
what is projective identification in object relations family therapy?
one family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then acts as if they are truly like that person or provokes that person to act in such a way
multiple transferences mean what in object relations family therapy?
the transferences between each family member, each member’s transference towards the therapist, and the transference of the family altogether to the therapist
how many stages in group therapy are there according to Yalom?
3
what is the general theme that occurs in stage 3 of group therapy according to Yalom?
cohesiveness (unity, closeness, intimacy, trust, caring when someone is gone)
how might a group therapist foster building culture and group norms according a Yalom?
modeling and acting as technical expert for the group
what are the three roles for group therapist according to Yalom?
creation and maintenance of the group, culture building, and activation and illumination of the here and now
does Yalom support concurrent individual and group therapy? why or why not?
only under crisis circumstances or if someone’s participation in the group is unsure, and because people may use individual sessions to process their group experiences away from the group
a primary goal of feminist therapy is…
empowerment (for women)
feminist therapy distinguishes itself from other therapies by what 4 tasks?
striving for an egalitarian therapy relationship, avoiding (traditional) labels, avoiding revictimization (shifting blame), involvement in social action
how are feminist and nonsexist therapies similar and different?
similar: recognize impacts of sexism and avoid gender-biased techniques; different: feminist therapies look at contextual and social factors more while nonsexist therapies have more individual focus
explain self-in-relation theory (feminist and object relations)
gender differences and other psychological factors are attributed to mother-daughter and mother-son relationship differences, with son being taught to separate from mother while daughter taught to stay attached to mother
hypnosis has been shown to help people recover ___ memories, although these memories can be more ___ than ___ and people may be more confident in the former. Nevertheless, the memories recovered are often thematically ___ to treatment and help with ___s.
repressed memories; false/confabulated; accurate; relevant; symptoms
research on acupuncture suggests that it may stimulate what flow in the body and the release of what hormones?
blood flow; endorphins
How might a group therapist mitigate premature termination according to Yalom?
prescreenings and post-selection preparation of selected potential group members
how might a feminist therapist address the power differential in therapy?
acknowleding it with the client and working to minimize it
community psychology focuses its efforts primarily on treatment as opposed to prevention. T/F
False (many principles and strategies of comm psych are derived from public health, which emphasizes prevention)
What are the levels of prevention in comm psych?
primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
what is the goal of primary prevention vs secondary vs tertiary
reducing prevalence of disorders/new cases
reducing impact or duration of disorder through early detection/intervention
reducing duration and consequence of disorders
name some examples of primary prevention
immunization programs, health education programs, and “Meals on wheels”
name an example of secondary prevention
screening tests for all members of a population or community in schools or hospitals
name some examples of tertiary prevention
rehab programs, halfway houses, and education programs designed to improve community attitudes towards former mental health patients
name two strategies of comm psych
public education and preventative health care
the health belief model asserts that health behaviors are influenced by 1. a person’s readiness to take a particular action, which is related to their perceived susceptibility to ___ and perceived ___ of its consequences; 2. a person’s cost benefit analysis of ___; and 3. their internal and external “cues to action” that trigger ___.
illness; severity; making a particular response; the response
what is the difference between organizational consultation and advocacy consultation
org: adopts a systems approach and defines an entire organization as the client; advocacy: requires the consultant to adopt a specific value orientation to foster the goals of a specific marginalized group
what are the four stages of consultation?
entry, diagnosis, implementation, and disengagement
in the four stages of consultation, when is resistance most likely to occur? Is it always negative?
entry phase (first phase); no, it can be a healthy response to demands for change
In talking about consultation broadly, ___ ___ consultation is a model derived from the work by ___ who distinguished between ___ types of consultation.
mental health consultation; Caplan; 4
client-centered case consultation entails what in its focus?
working with a consultee (individual provider) to support their work with one particular client (focus on the client)
consultee-centered case consultation entails what focus? ___ (a type of transference) occurs when the consultee works with clients of a particular group that may interfere with their work and stems from past unresolved conflict in a situation that generalizes to other similar situations?
helping individual provider in their work with a particular population or group of clients (focus on the provider’s skills); theme interference
what happens with program-centered administrative consultation?
consultant helps 1 or more administrators to resolve problems with a particular existing program (analagous to client-centered case consultation with focus on an individual case/program)
what happens with consultee-centered administrative consultation?
consultant helps admin-level professionals improve professional functioning generally (analogous to consultee-centered case consultation)
What conclusions did Eysenck draw about therapy outcomes? out of the three groups studied, who fared best?
therapy largely has little to no positive overall effects for patients; the untreated group (followed by those getting eclectic therapy and those getting psychoanalysis)
What researcher and her team were the first apply meta-analysis to psychotherapy outcome research?
Smith
Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) demonstrated that psychotherapy has what effect size on treatment outcomes?
.85/large
Howard et al. (1996) found that therapy treatment length “___ ___” at about how many sessions where the return on investment is relatively lower? This is otherwise known as the ___-dependent effect.
“levels off”; 26; dose-dependent effect
How many phases exist in Howard et al.’s phase model of therapy? What are their names?
3: remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation
What happens in Howard et al.’s remoralization phase of treatment?
hopelessness and desperation decrease significantly
What happens in Howard et al.’s remediation phase of treatment?
symptomatic relief (16 sessions worth of work usually)
What happens in Howard et al.’s rehabilitation phase of treatment?
unlearning unhelpful patterns and learning new ones
what study design is typical for efficacy studies vs effectiveness studies? Efficacy studies are usually best for determining what aspect of a treatment? Same question for effectiveness.
clinical trials vs. correlational and quasi-experimental studies; treatment effect; generalizability, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness
T/F: utilization of mental health services varies depending on racial background, treatment setting, and type of problem
True
Research shows that clients of ___ typically have higher rates of premature termination vs. white clients.
clients of color (but this may also depend on treatment setting)
research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has produced ___ results. Matching may reduce ___ ___ for members of some groups (Asian and Latinx). some research suggests that other factors (e.g. similarity in ___ and ___) are more important than similarity in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture.
inconsistent; premature termination; values and worldview
what are generally the conditions of a placebo control group in psychotherapy research?
providing nonspecific (common) factors of therapy like attention and support
diagnostic overshadowing originally was used to describe the tendency of health workers to attribute all of a person’s psychiatric symptoms to their ___ ___. Later research has found that diagnostic overshadowing also applies to other conditions and diagnoses.
intellectual abilities
the goals of an alloplastic intervention are to change the environment or the individual? goal of an autoplastic intervention are to change the environment or the individual?
alloplastic - change the enviro
autoplastic - change the person
what are three key sources of distress and dilemmas for psychologists according to research?
suicidal statements from clients, “lack of therapeutic success,” and issues related to confidentiality (most frequent ethical/legal dilemma)
psychiatric hospitalization demographics:
Gender: men/women are more often admitted inpatient
Marital status: admitted rates are highest/middle/lowest for which three groups - never married, widowed, married/separated
Race: most admitted are ___ while who is overrepresented?
What age range has the highest proportion?
Dx: what is the most common dx for admitted in the 18-44 range, but for those 65 or older what 2 are most common?
Men more often admitted than women.
Highest for never married, middle for married/divorce, lowest for widowed.
Most admitted are white but people of color are overrepresented.
25-44 most common age range.
Schizophrenia for 18-44, but for elders its organic disorder or affective disorder.
1 in how many women and 1 in nearly how many men report the exp of stalking, sexual violence, and/or physical violence during their lifetime according to NISVS conducted by the CDC (Smith et al., 2015)
1/4 women and 1/10 men
What is a kind of model generally recommended for African American clients in the study materials? define it. who developed it?
multi systems model; a multi systemic model making use of multiple systems that may impact a family, such as extended family, nonblood kin, the church, other comm resources or social services agencies, and it empowers the family by utilizing its strengths; Boyd-Franklin
in working with Native American populations, the study materials recommend working from a network therapy approach, meaning…
family and community members are incorporated into the therapy process and contextualizes a person’s problems within their workplace, family, community, and other social systems
Research suggests that queer adolescent males or females tend to meet milestones of sexual identity earlier than their counterparts?
males (first same-sex attraction, self-labeling, and first same-sex sexual contact specifically (no differences in age of coming out by gender))
Sue and Sue (2003) define cultural competence by what three competencies?
awareness, knowledge, and skills
Sue Zane (1987) suggest that what 2 processes are critical for working with culturally diverse clients?
credibility and giving
acculturation generally means what?
the degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, attitudes, behavior, etc. of their own group and the dominant group
According to Berry et al. (1987), the acculturation status integration means what?
accepting one’s own culture while incorporating aspects of the dominant culture (AKA biculturalism)
According to Berry et al. (1987), the acculturation status assimilation means what?
accepting the majority culture but letting go of one’s own
According to Berry et al. (1987), the acculturation status separation means what?
rejecting the dominant culture and retaining one’s own
According to Berry et al. (1987), the acculturation status marginalization means what?
rejecting both dominant and home culture
worldview according to Sue (1978) is defined by what to locuses? how are they expressed in shorthand?
locus of control and locus of responsibility; (IC/EC and IR/ER, e.g. IC-ER)
in discussing worldview by Sue, white therapists may have struggles with clients of color due to what differences in locus of control or responsibility?
white middle class clinicians often have IC-IR and struggle when clients of color have IC-ER or EC-ER and pathologize or fail to empathize with systemic challenges
Wrenn (1985) says that therapists exhibit what when they fail to examine their own attitudes and assumptions about culture and recognize the impacts of culture in clients’ lives?
cultural encapsulation
explain the difference between emic and etic orientation in psychology and which approach has historically been taken in psychology?
emic attempts to look at things through the eyes of a particular culture, whereas an etic perspective assumes universality in phenomena; etic
___-context communication mostly relies on the explicit, verbal part of communication and is more subject to change and is generally the euro-american way. ___-context communication is grounded in the context, depends on group understanding, relies more on nonverbal cues, is slow to change, and helps unify a culture.
Low-context; high-context
According to Landrum and Batts (1985), consequences of racial oppression for Blacks include conceptual incarceration, which entails what?
adopting a White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant value-system and way of life
According to Landrum and Batts (1985), consequences of racial oppression for Blacks include split-self syndrome, which entails what?
polarizing oneself into “good” and “bad” components, with everything associated with being Black put into the bad category
Sue and Sue (2003) identify 2 behaviors that Black individuals employ to deal with racial oppression. Define playing it cool and Uncle Tom syndrome
concealing anger with calmness and adopting a passive or happy-go-lucky demeanor
Explain the difference between cultural and functional paranoia in describing mistrust and reticence to disclose to therapists among Af Americans (Ridley, 1984)
cultural paranoia involves nondisclosure to white therapists and is generally healthy. functional paranoia involves nondisclosure to therapists regardless of race and is generally considered unhealthy.
Read:
Sexual stigma sets up the hierarchy between straight and everything that is not straight. Heterosexism is the beliefs that reinforce the hierarchy and is woven into the language and laws that uphold this status quo.
Read:
The five stages of the racial/cultural identity development model (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 1998) are conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness
Read:
The four stages of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (Cross, 1971, 1991, 2001) include pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization
Read: the 6 stages of the white racial identity model (Helms, 1990, 1995) include contact status, disintegration, and reintegration status (phase 1), and pseudo-independence status, immersion-emersion status, autonomy status (phase 2)
each stage is characterized by a different information processing stategy (IPS)
In Helms’ white racial identity model a ___ interaction can occur when therapist and client are at similar stages of ID dev. A ___ interaction occurs when the tp is 1+ stage ahead of the client and may be the most effective interaction. A ___ interaction occurs when the therapist is 1+ stage behind the client and tends to lead to early termination. A ___ interaction occurs when the tp and client have opposite attitudes about race and conflict is highly likely
parallel interaction; progressive interaction; regressive interaction; crossed interaction. Read: therapists in the autonomy stage tend to be better fits for clients of color
Read: Affectional Orientation Identity Development Model stages
sensitization/feeling different, self-recognition/identity confusion, identity assumption, commitment/identity integration
D’Augelli’s model of LGB ID development differs in what way from other models of ID development?
process (that may happen at once) as opposed to stages
Read: the 6 processes in D’Augelli’s model of LGB ID development
-exiting heterosexual identity
-developing a personal lesbian-gay-bisexual identity status
-developing a lesbian-gay-bisexual social identity
-becoming a lesbian-gay-bisexual offspring
-developing a lesbian-gay-bisexual intimacy status
-entering a lesbian-gay-bisexual community
It has been demonstrated that the most effective models for providing training in EBTs should include ___ and ___-scale implementation, as well as facilitation of training partnerships with ___-funded or ___-based agencies and practitioners of EBTs.
local and larger-scale implementation; publicly-funded or community-based agencies
In healthcare systems, there are 3 approaches: the private model, the Beveridge model (___ funds), and the Bismarck model (___ and ___ funds)
Beveridge (public funds)
Bismarck (public and private)
health promotion efforts include various camapaigns and endeavors to encourage what?
healthy behaviors for large groups of people
what 3 key functions have remained consistent for clinical supervisors regardless of theory or context?
administration, teaching, and helping
the triangular model of supervision entails what?
a form of supervision that emphasizes providing services to people and incorporating organizational policies, professional knowledge, and the supervisory relationship at the base of the work
Read:
According to Walker, a leading advocate of feminist therapy, a primary goal during the crisis intervention (first) phase of therapy is to help the abused woman rehearse an escape plan (Feminist therapy with victims/survivors of interpersonal violence, in L. B. Rosewater and L. E. A. Walker (Eds.), Handbook of feminist therapy, 1985)
Read:
One of the problems with the use of hypnosis to recall memories is that people tend to be more certain about the accuracy of those memories, whether they are true or false. The research has shown that people are often more willing to accept false memories when those memories have been retrieved under hypnosis.
Read:
For research purposes, therapist effects refer to the collective impact that a clinician has on client outcome independent of the treatment modality or therapeutic technique utilized. Any possible impact that a therapist has on treatment outcome, with the exception of the two aforementioned variables, are classified as ‘therapist effects.
Read:
Ridley presents a “typology of black client self-disclosure,” which relates the willingness to self-disclose to four levels of “paranoia”: intercultural nonparanoic disclosure; functional paranoiac; healthy cultural paranoiac; and confluent paranoiac (Clinical assessment of the nondisclosure of the black client, American Psychologist, 39(11), 1234-1244, 1984). Ridley recommends that therapists confront the meaning of the client’s cultural paranoia by bringing his/her feelings into conscious awareness and then help the client clarify when it is appropriate or inappropriate to self-disclose.
Read:
Deborah Ledley, Edna Foa, and Jonathan Hubbert consulted with David Clark to publish a 2005 treatment manual entitled Comprehensive Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Phobia. This publication was revised by Herbert, Forman, & Yuen in 2009.
Read:
Yalom (1985) identified several types of people who are and are not likely to benefit from group therapy. According to Yalom, heterogeneous outpatient groups are inappropriate for sociopaths (although these individuals may benefit from homogeneous groups in inpatient or other controlled settings).
reality therapists were concerned with what 2 kinds of identities and choice and responsibility or predetermination?
success and failure identities (unselfishly and appropriately meeting needs or not); freedom of choice and responsibility
Read:
Haley’s strategic family therapy was influenced by the communication/interaction school of family therapy and focuses on communication and other interactions between family members. For strategic family therapists, a symptom is an interpersonal phenomenon that represents an attempt to control a relationship.
Read:
Howard et al. (1986) found that the positive relationship between therapy duration and therapy outcome “levels off” at about the 26th therapy session. These investigators report that about 75% of therapy clients show “measurable improvement” by 26 sessions; and, at 52 sessions, this number increases to only about 85%.
Read:
Twelve-step facilitation therapy is a manualized treatment approach developed by Nowinski, Baker, and Carroll for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. The use of role-playing is emphasized throughout this treatment manual.
Read:
The mechanism underlying hypnosis continues to elude researchers although more recent findings link hypnosis to a disruption in communication between certain areas of the brain. Orne and Dinges, for example, conclude that the unusual behaviors exhibited by hypnotized people reflect alterations in memory, perception, and mood that occur in response to suggestion [Hypnosis, in H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Williams Wilkins, 1989].
Read:
Like other humanistic therapists, Gestalt therapists view the individual as having an innate tendency for positive growth. For Gestalt therapists, neurotic behavior reflects interference with natural growth and a resulting lack of integration. The self is abandoned for the self-image (external standards) resulting in boundary disturbances between the self and the external world.
Read: the goal of Milan systemic family therapy is to help a family see new solutions and make new choices.
the primary goal of communication/interaction family therapy is to alter the family’s interactional patterns
Read:
Adlerian theory is based on the assumption that mental ailments represent a mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power, and a lack of social interest.
Read:
Reality therapy focuses on the choices that people make with regard to the ways they fulfill their needs and proposes that people have five basic needs (survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun)
Read: advocacy consultation involves acting as an advocate. It is a political form of consultation that has, as its primary goal, social change
Providing advocacy consultation inherently involves working with a disenfranchised population (like abused children in the foster care system)
Read:
Circular questions are based on an assumption of circular causality and are used to explore recurrent family patterns.
Lineal questions assume linear cause-effect relationships and are used to identify family problem(s).
Strategic questions are challenging questions designed to foster change.
Reflexive questions foster reflection on the part of family members so that new options can be identified.
Communication and strategic family therapits like Jay Haley were most associated with which controversial technique?
paradoxical interventions
Read:
While Boyd-Franklin recommends a “multisystems model,” Ho uses the term “ecostructural” to describe the same thing.
Read:
Gay and lesbian adolescents face similar problems as their heterosexual peers. However, their identity development is also complicated by stigmatization. Isolation is frequently cited as a primary problem for gay and lesbian adolescents, and one study found it to be the single-most frequent presenting problem (A. D. Martin and E. S. Hetrick, The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescent, Journal of Homosexuality, 15(1-2), 163-183, 1988)
Read:
Rogerian therapists tend to de-emphasize both diagnosis and assessment. (possibly both unhelpful and detrimental)
