Clinical Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Positive Psychology
A
- Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi
- subjective well-being
- use of scientific method
- PERMA model: Positive emotions, Engagement (flow), Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment-achievement
2
Q
Personal Construct Therapy
A
- Kelly
- based on how people construe events, construing events in maladaptive way leads to undesirable behaviors
- therapist & client are partners
- goal is to replace maladaptive constructs
- fixed-role therapy
3
Q
Reality Therapy
A
- based on choice theory; our wants/needs and how we try to get them met
- fulfilling needs responsibly leads to success identity, fulfilling needs while infringing on others’ rights leads to failure identity
- Goals: client assumes resposibility for actions and fulfills needs in more appropriate ways (success identity)
4
Q
Existential Therapies
A
- ultimate concerns of existence: death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness
- normative/existential anxiety vs neurotic anxiety
- Goal: authentic life
- Focus: authentic therapeutic relationship
5
Q
Gestalt Therapy
A
- boundary disturbance –> neurosis
- boundary disturbances: introjection (accepts others’ views w/o thinking), retroflection (do to yourself what you’d like to do to others), projection (attribute bad things about self to others), deflection (avoid contact w/ environment), confluence (blur line between onself and others)
- Goal: gain awareness
- Techniques: empty chair technique, dream work
6
Q
Person-Centered Therapy
A
- Rogers
- self-actualization threatened by incongruence (e.g., conditions of worth)
- ## unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence (genuine/authentic)
7
Q
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
A
id, ego, superego
defense mechanisms:
- repression
- denial
- reaction formation (opposite)
- projection
- sublimation (sublime)
Technique
1. confrontation
2. clarification
3. interpretation
4. catharsis, insight, working through
8
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
A
- lifespan view, positive and negative influences
- collective unconscious (archetypes) and personal unconscious
- Goal: unconscious into consciousness, individuation
9
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
A
- feelings of inferiority, strive for superiority
- style of life- healthy style of life (includes well-being of others) vs mistaken style of life (only selfish goals)
- Goal: healthy style of life, overcome feelings of inferiority
- Techniques: act ‘as if’
10
Q
Object Relations Theory
A
- early caregiver-child relationship influences future relationships
- object constancy
1. normal autistic stage
2. normal symbiotic stage
3. separation-individuation stage
a) differentiation
b) practicing
c) rapprochement
d) beggining of object constancy - Goal: corrective reparenting experience to imrpove current relationships
- techniques: empathic acceptance, psychoanalytic strategies
11
Q
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
A
- quick change is possible
- therapy has limited goals
- only for certain types of clients
- quickly establish therapeutic alliance
- emphasize positie transference
- address termination early
12
Q
Interpersonal Thearpy
A
- medical model (depression as treatable illness)
- adapted for Bipolar and eating disorders
- goals: reduce x’s, increase interpersonal effectiveness
- initial stage- ‘sick role’, identify interpersonal context and primary problem area
- middle phase- address problem area (role playing, encourage affect)
- final stage- termination & relapse prevention
Depression problem areas: interpersonal role transition/confusion, interpersonal deficits, grief
.
13
Q
Solution Focused Therapy
A
- solutions (vs etiology) of problems
- strategies: miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions
- structured sessions: ask questions, provide feedback, assign HW
14
Q
Transtheoretical Model
A
6 stages of change
1. precontemplation- not in next 6 months, consciousness raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation
2. contemplation- maybe in next 6 months add self-reevaluation
3. preparation- preparing for next month add self-liberation
4. action- contingency management, stimulus control, counterconditioning
5. maintenance- maintained for 6 months relapse prevention w/ above strategies
6. termination- low risk for relapse
- decisional balance (pros and cons)- most important in contemplation stage
- self-efficacy (can I change)- most important in contemplation to preparation, and preparation to action
- temptation- most important in first stages of change
15
Q
Motivational Interviewing
A
- based on transtheoretical model, person-centered therapy, Bandura’s self-eficacy model
- most useful during precontemplation & contemplation
- Engaging (therapeutic relationship), focusing (focus of change), evoking (client’s own motivation for change), planning (commitment and plan of action)
- OARS: open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summaries
- increase change talk (reduce sustain talk), deal with discord (in therapeutic relationship)
- developing discrepancy, rollining with resistance
- effective as standalone, and makes other interventions (e.g., CBT) more effective
16
Q
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A
- irrational beliefs (musts, shoulds, oughts, have tos) are source of psychological distress
- Evidence based for depression, anxiety, conduct, anger
- ABCDE model
- Activating event
- (irrational) Beliefs
- (emotional or behavioral) Consequence
- (therapist’s) Dispute of irrational belief’s
- Effect of dispute techniques
Ellis
17
Q
Self-Instructional Training
A
- initially developed for children with impulsivity
- Cognitive modeling stage- model performs task while verbalizing instructions outloud
- Overt external guidance stage- children perform task while model guides them outloud
- Overt self-guidance stage- children perform task while saying steps outloud
- Faded overt self-guidance stage- same as above but whispered
- Covert self-instruction stage- perform task while repeating instructions mentally
18
Q
Stress Inoculation Training
A
- focus on teaching coping skills to deal with stressful situations
- conceptualization/education phase- general psychoed about stress, encourage to view stressful events as problems to be solved
- skills acquisition and consolidation phase- learn the cog and behavioral coping skills
- application and follow thru phase- practice skills in role plays and real life
Meichenbaum
19
Q
Acceptance and Committment Therapy (ACT)
A
- clean pain (natural, inevitable) vs dirty pain (attempts to avoid clean pain)
- evidence based for chronic pain, psychosis, depression, anxiety, OCD
- 6 core processes to increase psychological flexibility
- experiential acceptance (accept the experience)
- cognitive defusion
- being present (vs past or future focused)
- awareness of self in context (viewing ones thoughts and feelings in the context that they arise)
- values-based actions
- committed action (committ to act in values-based way)
20
Q
Mindfulness Based Interventions
A
- Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for pain, stress, illness coping; 8 session group, breathing, yoga, sitting/walking meditation
- Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)- initially developed for depression but also effective for anxiety, insomnia, chronic pain. Combines CBT + MBSR.
- in general, mindfulness interventions are more effective for psychological (anxiety, depression, stress) vs physical/medical conditions (but effective for both)
- proposed mechanisms- body awareness, attention regulation, emotion regulation, decentering (from one’s thoughts & emotions)
21
Q
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention
A
-
cognitive therapy for suicide prevention (CT-SP) and brief cognitive behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (BCBT) have three phases
1) emotion regulation
2) cognitive flexibility
3) relapse prevention - cognitive behavior therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP) is for adolescents and combines CBT and DBT; acute phase (chain analysis, safety planning, psychoed, reasons for living) and continuation phase (generalizing skills and relapse prevention)
- evidence they reduce SI and suicide attempts, hopelessness, and depression
22
Q
Family therapy
Extended family systems therapy (Bowen)
A
- generational transmission
- terms: differentiation, emotional triangle, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process
- goal: increase differentiation
- techniques: genogram
23
Q
Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
A
- subsystems- alter family structure
- boundaries- enmeshed vs disengaged relationships
- Rigid family triads: stable coalition, unstable coalition, detouring-support coalition, detouring-attack coalition
- Techniques: joining, family map, reframing, unbalancing, boundary making, enactment
24
Q
Family therapy
Strategic Family therapy (Haley)
A
- symptom = strategy that is adaptive
- unclear or inappropriate hierarchies
- techniques: straightforward directives, paradoxical directives (prescribing the symptoms, restraining, ordeal)
25
Q
Family therapy
Milan Family Therapy
A
- family games- dirty family games
- goal: alter family rules & communication patterns
- therapy team, structured & infrequent sessions
- Strategies: hypothesizing, circular questioning, positive connotation, family rituals
26
Q
Conjoint family therapy (Satir)
A
Dysfunctional communication styles:
* placating
* blaming
* computing
* distracting
Goal: congruent communication style, problem solving, self esteem
TEchniques: family sculpting, family reconstruction
27
Q
Narrative Family Therapy
A
- externalize the problem
- replace narrative with alternative story
- techniques: listening, enacting preferred narratives
28
Q
Emotionally Focused Therapy
A
- brief EBT for couples
- help partners express and deal with their emotions
29
Q
Functional Family Therapy
A
- for families of at-risk youth
- replace problematic with nonproblematic behaviors
- stages
- engagement and motivation
- behavior change
- generalization
30
Q
Multisystemic Therapy
A
- for youth at-risk for out-of-home placement, adolescent offenders
- based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
- targets system at various levels
31
Q
Identity Development Models
Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson, Morten & Sue)
A
For minority groups
- Conformity (to majority group)
- Dissonance (awareness, questioning)
- Resistance & immersion (anti-majority, pro-minority)
- Introspection (of own biases)
- Integrative awareness (secure identity, anti-oppression)
32
Q
Identity Development Models
Cross’ Black Racial Identity Development Model
A
- Pre-Encounter (idealize White culture)
- Encounter (to racism impacts)
- Immersion-Emersion (anti-White, pro-Black)
- Internalization (tolerate others)
- Internalization-Commitment (anti-oppression)
33
Q
Identity Development Models
Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al.)
A
- racial salience (in a situation)
- racial centrality (to their identity)
- racial regard (private/own and public opionion)
- racial ideology (beliefs about how Black people should live)
a) nationalist ideology (pro-Black)
b) oppressed minority ideology (coalition)
c) assimilationist ideology (work within the system)
d) humanist ideology (downplay race)
34
Q
Identity Development Models
Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model
A
- Contact (lack of; colorblind)
- Disintegration (aware of racial dilemmas)
- Reintegration (anti-minority)
- Pseudo-Independence (superficial tolerance)
- Immersion-Emersion (seek to understand racism & White privilege)
- Autonomy (anti-racist identity)
35
Q
Identity Development Models
Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development
A
- Sensitization (childhood, feel different)
- Identity confusion (attracted but uncertain, adolescence)
- Identity assumption (begin to accept, late teens-early 20’s)
- Identity committment (fully embrace)
36
Q
Identity Development Models
Multidimensional Model of Heterosexual Identity Development (Worthington et al.)
A
- unexplored commitment- to others’ expectations
- active exploration
- diffusion- no exploration or commitment
- deepening and commitment- towards sexual identity
- synthesis - integrated sexual identity
