Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Classical vs. Other Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
- Freudian (Classical Psychoanalysis)
- Jung (Analytical Psychology)
- Adler (Individual Psychology)
- Neo-Freudians (Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm)
- Ego analysts (Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, David Rappaport, Heinz Hartmann)
- Object-relations theory
Structural Theory
-Frued
-Psyche divided into 3:
1) Id: sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, pleasure principle
2) Ego: governed by reality, ties to gratify id in ways that are ok with superego
3) Superego: conscious, attempt to block unacceptable id impulses
Defense Mechanisms
Anxiety results when the ego cannot immediately resolve conflicts between the demands of the id and the superego or reality.
When the ego cannot resolve conflicts using realistic means, it employs defense mechanisms.
1) Repression
2) Reaction formation,
3) Projection,
4) Sublimation
What is the goal of Freudian psychoanalysis?
To bring unconscious unresolved conflicts into consciousness and strengthen the ego so that behavior is based less on instinctual drives and more on reality
What are the therapeutic targets in Freudian psychoanalysis?
1) Client’s free associations
2) Resistance
3) Dreams
4) Transference.
Free associations
-Freud, target of therapy
-Help lower a client’s defenses and bring unconscious thoughts and feelings into conscious awareness.
-It involves asking the client to say whatever comes to mind without censure.
Resistance
-Freud, target of therapy
-Done by the client
-Provides information about his or her unconscious conflicts and occurs when the client is unwilling or unable to address threatening, anxiety-arousing issues.
-It is manifested in various ways, including talking about trivial topics, responding to painful material by laughing, or missing therapy appointments.
Resistance
-Freud, target of therapy
-Done by the client
-Provides information about his or her unconscious conflicts and occurs when the client is unwilling or unable to address threatening, anxiety-arousing issues.
-It is manifested in various ways, including talking about trivial topics, responding to painful material by laughing, or missing therapy appointments.
Dream Analysis
-Freud, target of therapy
-It’s use is based on the premise that dreams contain symbols that provide important information about unconscious impulses.
-During dream analysis, the therapist interprets the true meaning (latent content) of these symbols.
Transference
-Freud, target of therapy
-An assumption of psychoanalysis is that the therapist’s neutrality allows the client to project onto the therapist feelings that he or she originally had for a parent or other significant person in the past, and Freud referred to these distorted perceptions as transference.
-A client’s negative transference might involve displacing aggressive drives or hateful feelings onto the therapist, whereas positive transference might involve displacing feelings of affection, openness, or friendliness onto the therapist and can facilitate the development of a good working relationship between the client and therapist.
Primary procedures involved in Freudian psychoanalysis
1) Confrontation
2) Clarification
3) Interpretation
4) Working through
Confrontation
-Freud, primary procedures of psychoanalysis
-Confrontation involves making statements that help clients view their own behaviors in a new way. For example, if a client is often late to therapy sessions, the therapist might suggest that the client’s lateness could be due to the fact that he is ambivalent about coming to therapy.
Clarification
-Freud, primary procedures of psychoanalysis
-Brings the client’s behavior into sharper focus and involves asking questions and making observations.
-The therapist might follow-up her suggestion about the client’s lateness by stating that she’s noticed that the client is most likely to be late when, in the previous session, the client started talking about a decision he is struggling with.
Interpretation
-Freud, primary procedures of psychoanalysis
-Explicitly linking the client’s conscious behavior to unconscious processes.
The therapist would be using interpretation if she points out that the client’s lateness might be due to the fact that he’s avoiding therapy because he’s concerned that she’ll disapprove of his decisions just like the client’s father did when he was living at home.
Repeated interpretations lead to CATHARSIS (an emotional release that results from the recall of repressed material) and INSIGHT (an understanding of the connection between current behavior and unconscious material) and then to WORKING THROUGH, which is a slow, gradual process that involves testing, accepting, and assimilating new insights.
Working through
-Freud, primary procedures of psychoanalysis
-Slow, gradual process that involves testing, accepting, and assimilating new insights.
Counter transference
-When the therapist projects unresolved feelings toward another person onto the client.
-Freud believed that countertransference impedes the progress of analysis and that analysts must recognize and overcome their inappropriate reactions to their clients. H
-Psychoanalysts have subsequently recognized that countertransference can serve a useful purpose in treatment by providing the analyst with important information about the client and the therapeutic relationship.
Jung (theory and key concepts)
-Jung divided the unconscious into two components – the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.
-The collective unconscious contains ARCHETYPES, which are universal mental structures that predispose people to react to certain external circumstances in specific ways.
The primary goal of analytical therapy is to facilitate the process of INDIVIDUATION, which is an integration of all conscious and unconscious aspects of the self into a unified whole.
Adler’s Individual Psychology (theory and key concepts)
Adler used the term “STYLE OF LIFE” to describe the ways in which a person strives for superiority.
-He also proposed that, because people have an innate social interest, a healthy style of life is guided by goals that reflect concerns for personal accomplishment as well as the welfare of others.
-In contrast, a mistaken (unhealthy) style of life is guided by goals that reflect self-centeredness and a lack of concern about the well-being of others.
The Neo-Freudians (theory and main theoriests)
-The neo-Freudians focused on the social and cultural determinants of personality.
1) Karen Horney
2) Harry Stack Sullivan
3) Erich Fromm
Object-Relations Theory (theory and main concepts)
-Proposes that behavior is motivated by a desire for human connection and focuses on the impact of early relationships between a child and significant others (“objects”) in the child’s life.
-When young children are provided with adequate emotional and physical care, they develop OBJECT CONSTANCY, which is characterized by integrated and stable internal representations of the self and others.
-MAHLER proposed that object constancy develops gradually in early childhood during three stages:
1. Normal autistic
2. Normal symbiotic
3. Separation-individuation.
Jung’s structure of the psyche
1) CONSCIOUS: ego, contains all mental processes that we are aware
2) PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS: contains our own forgotten or repressed memories and includes complexes, which are collections of thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that are related to a particular concept (e.g., power, inferiority) and that influence behavior.
3) COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: consists of “general wisdom that is shared by all people, has developed over time, and is passed along from generation to generation across the ages”
How did Jung differ from Freud?
-He was an early associate of Freud
-Eventually rejected many of his core assumptions (e.g., sexual energy as the primary motivating force)
-Adopted a more positive view of human nature
-Believed that development continues into adulthood
-Described behavior as being affected by past events and future goals and aspirations.
Terms associated with Jung
-Conscious, Personal unconscious, collective unconscious
-Archetypes (persona, the shadow, the anima/animus)
-Personality attitudes (introversion/extroversion
-Personality functions (sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting).
-Individuation
Jung’s Archetypes
-Universal mental structures that predispose people to react to certain circumstances in specific ways.
-Represented in cultural myths and symbols, frequently appear in dreams, and include the PERSONA (the “social mask” we present to others), the SHADOW (repressed, disowned, and undeveloped aspects of the self), and the ANIMA/ANIMUS(the feminine and masculine aspects of the self).
