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Applying Psychology > Clinical Psych And Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Psych And Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

C. What are the five key tasks of clinical psychology?

A

1 assessment - make sense of disorder.
2 formulation - understanding of problems.
3 intervention - treatment.
4 evaluation - feedback/ observation.
5 communication - clients and carers and professionals.

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2
Q

D. How many people are diagnosed with depression worldwide?

A

350 million.

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3
Q

D. What are biological theories of depression?

A
  • genetic factors
  • neurochemical (serotonin)
  • brain abnormalities (hippocampus deficits)
  • neuroendocrine (problems in the regulation of cortisol levels).
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4
Q

D. Name psychological theories of depression.

A

Psychodynamic- response to loss/symbolic loss of loved one , regress to oral stage , low feelings directed inwards = trigger depression.
Behavioural - lack of reinforcement/ attention seeking so maintain depression/ learned helplessness.

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5
Q

D. What are cognitive theories of depression?

A

Becks negative cognitive triad.

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6
Q

D. True or false? 1 in 20 adults have depression.

A

False - 1 in 10.

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7
Q

D. Identify characteristics of depression.

A

Sadness, hopelessness.
Motivational deficits.
Physical - sleep and weight.

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8
Q

D. Describe bipolar.

A

Alternating periods of depression and mania.

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9
Q

D. Define mania.

A

Boundless , frenzied energy and feelings of euphoria.

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10
Q

D. In what ways is depression treated?

A
  • CBT.
  • Family therapy.
  • drug treatment.
  • MCBT.
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11
Q

D. How is treatment of depression evaluated?

A
  • feedback sessions.

- number of ‘improved’ and ‘recovered’.

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12
Q

P. What percentage of those with Sz experience delusions ? What percentage experience auditory hallucinations?

A

75% delusions.

70% hallucinations.

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13
Q

P. Name the positive and mega give symptoms of sz.

A

Positive:
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking e.g impaired speech.
Negative:
Absence of normal functions e.g diminished emotional expression.

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14
Q

P. What is meant by delusions?

A
  • misinterpretation of perceptions

- fixed beliefs that will not change in light of conflicting evidence.

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15
Q

P. Name the types of delusions?

A
  • persecutory
  • grandiose
  • delusion of control
  • nihilistic delusions
  • erotomanic delusions
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16
Q

P. Define hallucinations.

A

Sensory experience- hear/see/smell/taste/feel something that isn’t there.

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17
Q

P. What is the difference between reality-monitoring deficit and self-monitoring deficit?

A

RMD - what’s real, what’s imagined?

SMD - me who thought that, or them?

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18
Q

P. Describe diagnosis procedure for sz.

A

Persistent symptoms, not caused by other illnesses or drugs.

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19
Q

P. What percentage of the population are diagnosed with sz?

A

3-7%.

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20
Q

P. Name the three stages of psychotic symptoms.

A
  • prodromal stage
  • active stage
  • residual stage
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21
Q

P. Outline biological theories of psychosis.

A

Stress diathesis model.
Genetic factors - 50-80% inheritance, concordance rates, predisposition, adoption studies.
Brain neurotransmitters e.g excess dopamine.
Brain structure e.g reduced gray matter in PFC.

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22
Q

P. Outline psychodynamic theories of psychosis.

A

Freud - regression to previous ego state, ‘schizophrenic mother’.
Behavioural theories - learning and conditioning e.g reinforced by attention.

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23
Q

P. Name the cognitive biases that may cause psychosis.

A
  • attentional
  • attributional
  • reasoning (jumping to conclusions)
  • interpretational
  • lack TOM.
24
Q

P. How do social factors contribute to psychosis?

A

Sociogenic hypothesis - individuals in low social-economic classes experience more life stressors = triggers psychotic symptoms.
Downward drift - psychotic symptoms , fall to bottom of social ladder as cannot sustain job/relationship.
Social labelling - play role of sz.

25
Q

P. How can familial factors contribute to psychosis?

A

Interactions and communications:

Expressed emotion - critical, hostile, or emotionally over-involved predictor of relapse.

26
Q

P. What is the percentage of relapse of psychosis?

A

80% relapse within 5 years of first recovery.

27
Q

P. Identify biological And psychological treatments of psychosis.

A

ECT.
Anti-psychotic drugs.

CBT.

Family interventions.
Community care.

28
Q

Ph. What are diagnosis symptoms of phobias?

A
  • avoidance
  • fear
  • emotional distress to stimuli
29
Q

Ph. What percentage of British adults have a phobia?

A

18%

30
Q

Ph. True or false. Most phobias occur in childhood.

A

True.

31
Q

Ph. What are common phobias?

A

Heights , snakes , closed spaces , spiders.

32
Q

Ph. How are phobias caused?

A

Predisposition - genetics, maternal stress.

Environment- overprotective parenting.

33
Q

Ph. What is meant by the preparedness theory?

A

Theory that we are born to acquire fears of certain stimuli as they are a threat to our ancient ancestors.

34
Q

Ph. Name a limitation to the preparedness theory.

A

We will never know the specific threats our ancestors faced so unfalsifiable (unscientific).

35
Q

Ph. Describe the stages of the learning model of fear.

A

One - associate stimulus with an unpleasant outcome.
Two - learn that avoiding the stimulus reduces fear (negative reinforcement).
E.g little Albert.

36
Q

Ph. True or false. We can develop fears through vicarious learning.

A

True.

37
Q

Ph. What are cognitive theories of phobias?

A

Maladaptive thinking.
Attentional bias towards material related to their fear.
Reasoning bias - irrational thinking e.g spider will bite me.

38
Q

Ph. Name a weakness of cognitive theories of phobias.

A

No explanation of how cog biases cause the phobia, do they just maintain feelings of anxiety??

39
Q

Ph. How are phobias treated?

A

Modern therapy (assessment and intervention) and CBT.

40
Q

Ph. During modern therapy of phobias , what happens in the assessment stage?

A
  • measure difficulties, record them, measure progress.
  • dev formation of difficulties e.g cause and triggers.
  • establish goals.
41
Q

Ph. What is the flight-fight response in relation to phobias?

A

The choice of attacking fear or running away.

42
Q

Ph. During modern therapy of phobias , what happens in the intervention stage?

A
  • explain causes from assessment.
  • plan of action.
  • irrational awareness of rational (cog).
  • gradual exposure to fear (hierarchy)
43
Q

Ph. What is meant by secondary gain?

A

Ensure family and friends do not remove , and so reinforce, fear.

44
Q

Ph. What increase the risk of relapse of fears?

A

Restrictive therapy , do not cope well in outside world.

Client ignores ‘homework’ e.g look at images of spiders.

45
Q

Ph. What percentage of people with phobias improve when having cognitive therapy?

A

84%.

46
Q

Cd. What is the diagnosis criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

A
  • temper tantrums
  • blames others
  • easily annoyed
  • often angry
    • persistent for 6 months
47
Q

Cd. What is the diagnosis criteria for conduct disorder?

A
  • excessive fighting
  • destruction of property
  • serious harm
  • sexual abuse
    • persistent for 6 months
48
Q

Cd. True or false? ODD and CD are more common in girls than boys.

A

False - more common in boys.

49
Q

Cd. Identify outcomes of childhood behavioural disorders.

A
  • leave school with no qualifications
  • poor relationships
  • substance misuse
50
Q

Cd. Identify causes of childhood behavioural disorders.

A

Genetic - hereditary and concordance rates (predisposition).
Environment- prenatal stress, poverty, parenting.

51
Q

Cd. What is meant by “orchid children”?

A

Version 7 of DRD4 gene used to associate with bad things e.g CD. Now found to be associated with good things e.g kindness.
Only associated with good things is child experiences good parenting.

52
Q

Cd. Are parents the cause of Cd?

A

Yes - research shows parents of children with cd are less likely to praise child and use harsher punishments.
No - research shows only 6% of variance in beh problems could be accounted for by parenting.
Which comes first poor parenting or beh problems??

53
Q

Cd. Describe Patterson’s coercive cycle from the child’s POV.

A

Command - refuse - parent shouts - tantrum - parent gives up - learn tantrum works! 🔁

54
Q

Cd. Describe Patterson’s coercive cycle from the parents POV.

A

Command - refuse - shouts - tantrum - child complies - learns shouting works! 🔁

55
Q

Cd. Identify treatment for childhood behavioural disorders.

A

Parenting skills training:

  • planning ignoring
  • pos reinforcement of behavioural
  • consequences

Child course:
- manage emotions and behaviours.

56
Q

Cd. Are parenting interventions effective?

A

Yes!
Evidence shows they are effective in treating and preventing behaviour problems in children.
Long-term effects.
Save money for society e.g in health are costs, criminal justice systems.

Applying Psychology (5 decks)

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