clinical physiology 1 Flashcards
1
Q
outline tissue level or organization
A
- there are 4 major tissue types.
- organs are composed of varying types of tissue.
- most include all 4.
- tissues perform a discrete set of roles.
- Muscular; contraction, produce movement.
- epithelial; Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
- nervous; Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. communication.
- connective; Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.
2
Q
outline epithelial tissue functions;
A
- protection; physical, thermal and chemical, from microbes.
- transport;
- absorption of water nutrients, electrolytes pretty much anything the GI tract chooses.
-secretion and removal of wastes; GI, kidney, lung
- optimizing diffusion; thin cells that reduce the distance substances need to diffuse- endothelial cells and alveolar cells. - secretion of useful substances.
- mucous, other glandular secretions, hormones.
3
Q
what is simple squamous epithelium tissue?
A
- Simple squamous epithelial cells form a membrane that allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through.
4
Q
what is simple cuboidal epithelium tissue?
A
The simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide. This type of epithelium lines collecting ducts and tubes and is involved in absorbing or secreting material into the ducts or tubes.
5
Q
what is simple columnar epithelial tissue?
A
- The main function of simple columnar epithelial cells is protection. For example, the epithelium in the stomach and digestive tract provides an impermeable barrier against any bacteria that could be ingested but is permeable to any necessary ions. This function is especially important in the colon.
6
Q
what is stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of your skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
7
Q
what is stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?
A
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium is usually less common and is found in the salivary, mammary and sweat glands. Their major functions are protection, excretion and secretion.
8
Q
what stratified columnar epithelial tissue? pseduostratified?
A
- The stratified columnar epithelium is involved primarily in providing protection and secretion
- pseudostratified; Found most heavily along the respiratory tract, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells help trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs.
9
Q
outline epithelium membranes;
A
- most membranes in the body are epithelial membranes.
- epithelium faces a tube, cavity or outside world.
- underlying CT anchors and nourishes the overlying epithelium.
- epithelial membranes are important components of several organs and organ systems i.e. GI, urinary, respiratory, cutaneous, CV and reproductive.
- NOTE; CT membranes have no epithelial lining, they cover an organ in a capsule or line a joint (knee/shoulder).
10
Q
what are 4 examples of epithelial membranes?
A
- mucus membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. they are coated with the secretions of mucous glands.
- serous membranes line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body; the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities.
- cutaneous membranes of the skin covers the body surfaces.
- synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint.
11
Q
what are two ways that the skin protects?
A
Acts as a protective barrier: The epidermis keeps bacteria and germs from entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. …
Makes new skin: The epidermis continually makes new skin cells. …
Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body’s immune system.
12
Q
what are two ways the respiratory membrane keeps stuff out of gas exchange areas?
A
The respiratory system is lined with a mucous membrane that secretes mucus. The mucus traps smaller particles like pollen or smoke. Hairlike structures called cilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose.
13
Q
outline connective tissue; strong vs. weak
A
- a very broad set of forms and functions.
- structural and protective functions.
strong structures;
- bone and cartilage.
- dense regular tendons (tendons and ligaments).
- dense irregular tissues (dermis of the skin).
weaker structures;
- Areolar and reticular (lymph nodes, thymus and spleen)
- adipose tissue (fat).
14
Q
what are specialized connective tissue functions?
A
- fluid connective tissue;
- red blood cells and platelets (transportation)
-lymph nodes
- cells of the immune system (leukocytes).
other;
- bone is an important endocrine organ and mineral storage depot.
- fat is an important endocrine organ, stored metabolic energy, and thermoregulatory.
15
Q
what are structural connective tissues?
A
- cells; fibroblasts, osteoblast and osteocytes, chondroblasts.
- adipocytes and mesenchymal cells. - matrix;
- fibres not in fluid connective tissues;
- collagen, elastic and reticular ribres.
- ground substance; polysaccharide nd protein complexes for most connective tissue.
16
Q
what is generalized connective tissue? Is connective tissue proper?
A
- includes loose and dense connective tissue.
- bone and cartilage are not considered connective tissue proper.
- the bone has a very specialized matrix as does cartilage.
- cartilage has very few cells and little blood supply.
- no adipocytes in bone or cartilage.
17
Q
connective tissue proper continued;
A
- composed of cells and matrix.
- fibres; proteins that are responsible for the structural characteristics of CT.
- collagen; different types have different functions
- type one; is very strong and cable-like and imparts strength.
- type 2; is more delicate and often links epithelial tissue to connective tissue.
- elastic fibres; are responsible for organ and tissue elasticity.
- ground substance; can be simple globular proteins (glycoproteins).
- can be huge ‘brush-like’ aggregates of proteins and large polysaccharides. both are surrounded by water.
18
Q
CT proper; what are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes?
A
Fibroblasts; produce the matrix.
Macrophages; are immune cells that have a diverse set of functions in repair and defence.
adipocytes; a cell with a central large fat-storing vacuole.
19
Q
outline muscle tissue;
A
- specialized cytoskeleton that allows the cell to shorten and exert a pulling force with a variable expenditure of ATP.
20
Q
what is skeletal muscle?
A
- voluntary responsible for movement. (musculoskeletal system).
- striated fibres with a very orderly arrangement.
21
Q
what is cardiac muscle?
A
- involuntary only found in the heart and pumps blood
- similar to cytoskeletal arrangement as skeletal muscle.
22
Q
what is smooth muscle?
A
- involuntary found in a wide variety of organs (therefore a wide variety of functions
- less order to the cytoskeleton, lower ATP expenditure.
23
Q
outline nervous tissue;
A
- the peripheral nervous system detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system (sensory).
- The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) integrates this information as a response
- the response is carried to the effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the PNS (motor).
24
Q
what do the cells of the nervous system include?
A
- neurons; an excitable cell that receives a stimulus from a neuron or a receptor usually dendrites.
- integrates it (ranks it, compares it to another stimulus) cell body and axon of the hillock
- passes along another stimulus if it is adequately stimulated- axon.
25
Outline the how the NS communicates;
- axons are carried in bundles
* nerves in the PNS.
* tracts in the CNS.
- most neuronal cell bodies reside in the CNS with few exceptions.
26
what are dorsal root ganglia?
- cell bodies are not in the CNS.
- neuronal cell bodies for the axons that bring sensory info from the PNS to the CNS
27
what are autonomic ganglia?
- cell bodies not in the CNS.
- help regulate the activities of the autonomic nervous system,.
28
what are enteric ganglia?
- cell bodies not in the CNS.
- help regulate the activity of the gut.
29
what are the cells of the CNS?
glial cells;
1. astrocytes; support neurons within the CNS.
2. oligodendrocytes; insulate axons with a layer of myelin within the CNS.
3. Schwann cells; myelinate axons in the PNS.
4. Microglial cells; clean up debris, and detect microbial invaders/injury in the PNS.
30
outline the organ level of the organization
- built from multiple types of tissue (usually all 4).
- perform a specific set of functions (often with very different combinations of tissues) as an organ system.
- all organs in a system have similar or related sets of functions.
For example; the heart;
- tissues; cardiac muscle, blood (CT), blood vessels
- makes up the circulatory system, and transports blood to all tissues.
- circulatory system organs; The circulatory system consists of three independent systems that work together: the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary and portal vessels (systemic). The system is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, as well as hormones to and from cells.
31
outline the tissues of the heart;
Epicardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Comprised of mesothelial cells and fat and connective tissues
Myocardium
Muscle layer
Comprised of cardiomyocytes
Endocardium
Lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves
Comprised of a layer of endothelial cells, and a layer of subendocardial connective tissue
pericardium; Your pericardium is a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and helps it function properly. Your pericardium also covers the roots of your major blood vessels as they extend from your heart. (parietal layer of the serous pericardium).
32
what are the 11 organ systems;
1. integumentary.
2. skeletal.
3. muscular.
4. nervous.
5. endocrine.
6. CV.
7. Lymphatic and immune.
8. respiratory.
9. digestive.
10. urinary.
11. reproductive.
33
what is the integumentary system?
- Provides protection from injury and fluid loss and provides physical defense against infection by microorganisms; involved in temperature control
- skin, hair and nails.
34
What is the skeletal system?
- Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; provides movement at joints; produces blood cells, and stores minerals
- Bones, cartilage, joints, tendons and ligaments.
35
what is the cardiovascular system?
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the cells and transports wastes, carbon dioxide, and other substances away from the cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH.
- heart, blood and blood vessels.
36
what is the lymphatic system?
- Defends against infection and disease and transfers lymph between tissues and the bloodstream.
- Lymph, lymph nodes and lymph vessels.
37
What is the digestive system?
- Processes foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.
- Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, exocrine pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
38
what is the endocrine system?
- Provides communication within the body via hormones and directs a long-term change in other organ systems to maintain homeostasis.
- Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, endocrine pancreas, adrenals, testes, and ovaries.
39
what is the muscular system?
- Provides movement, support, and heat production.
- skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
40
what is the nervous system?
- Collects, transfers, and processes information and directs a short-term change in other organ systems.
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs—eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose
41
what is the reproductive system?
- Produces gametes—sex cells—and sex hormones; ultimately produces offspring.
- Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ovaries, mammary glands (female), testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis (male)
42
what is the respiratory system?
- Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur.
- Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
43
what is the skeletal system?
- Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; provides movement at joints; produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
- Bones, cartilage, joints, tendons, and ligaments.
44
what is the urinary system?
- Removes excess water, salts, and waste products from the blood and body and controls pH.
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
45
what is the immune system?
- Defends against microbial pathogens—disease-causing agents—and other diseases.
- Leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen
46
if a focused physical exam assesses one or a few organ systems, why do we need to think about the tissue or cellular level during the physical exam?
- the most disease is due to dysfunction at the molecular, cellular to tissue level. therefore affecting the organ and the system it contributes to.
- it explains and often predicts findings at the macroscopic level.
- when a disease affects multiple systems, the explanation for the physical exam findings is often best understood when looking at these lower levels.
47
outline an example of looking to lower levels;
- Fatigue due to anemia.
- the physical exam will not directly detect a decrease in the red blood cell count.
it may detect;
- an increased heart rate; because we have fewer RBCs, resulting in lower oxygen carrying capacity, resulting in a need for increased blood flow, so we increase heart rate to deliver more RBCs/minute.
- rapid respiratory rate.
- turbulent flow within th heart due to increased cardiac output--> physiological murmur.
- pallor of the conjunctiva.
- jaundice or scleral icterus (yellowing of skin or eyes). if the anemia is due to the destruction of RBC. the yellow pigment is due to hemoglobin breakdown products.
therefore the physical exam finding of anemia was best understood and explained at the molecular cellular or tissue level; reduced tissue oxygenation and breakdown products of RBC.
