Clinical Pharmo Lect 1 Flashcards
whats different about clinical pharmo?
take principles (that apply to any organism) and apply specifically to humans
what is therapeutics?
rests on clinical pharmo
2nd step
the art of treatment - rather than hard science
teratogenic means:
malformations in unborn kid
what should we remember when drugging?
every patient is unique (even in normal)
drug and regime need to be tailored
e.g. age, weight, sex, pregnancy history etc. skinny cause they’re anorexic or they run 20kms
what’s pharmacodynamic?
study of how it works
and the description of the mechanism of particular drug
what’s pharmacokinetics?
how the body handles a particular drug
what’s pharmacogenetics? (this is least embraced)
enzyme and proteins and how they change the effect of drug - in terms of how and where
3 terms for pharmocokiniteics
clearance
volume of distribution
half life of elimination (different to half life of effect)
what influences half life
a
why do we need clearance
maintenance dose
why need volume of distribution
loading dose
why half-life
dosing interval
what does area under curve mean
a
what is clearance
vol of plasma or blood cleared - from which drug is completely removed, per unit time
this is not a biological reality, mere calculations
this is (L/h), but can be different
maintenance dose
dose rate need to maintain plasma conc in equilibrium
equi is steady state
what the volume of distribution
total vol of plasma if drugs only dissolved in water…
usually mg/L
whats half life of elimination
conc of drug in plasma or drug at time A, keep measuring until it falls by half
gives time course of elimination, and accumulation
can give dosing interval
whats biavailability
fraction of given dose of drug, which reaches systemic circulation
amounts of drug that gets into blood that can be measured, nothing on required site etc.
if required site in behind some barrier - does not tell anything
this is the acceptable technique to measure how drug is in the body - can’t open someones brain up to check
parenteral?
= 100%
orally?
depends
what are drug transporters, what are their roles
membrane (of individual cells) efflux pumps
limiting absorption from the gut blood-brain barrier protects testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex excretion liver and kidney protects feotus
p-glycoprotein
this is a member of ABC cassette transport protein
MDR gene
drug resistance, gene switched on, and making p-glycoprotein
blocking gene
or make more
drug metabolism
this eliminates drugs
make highly lipid soluble more water soluble
e.g. cytochrome P450 2D6
