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Vet Nursing Study > Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Clinical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with a slow bleed

A

Platelet clumping
Coagulation
Patient stress

Low BP can lead to a slow bleed

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2
Q

Problems with a fast bleed/ high suction

A

Haemoloysis (cell distortion)
Possible vein collapse
Possible pain

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3
Q

Serum is derived from?

A

Clotted blood

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4
Q

How is a sample mixed?

A

Inverted

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5
Q

Microscope powers

A

10x
40x
100x
1000x

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6
Q

FNA

A

Fine needle aspirate

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7
Q

Cytology slide

A

Patient ID
Exact site
Date

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8
Q

Are all slides stained inhouse ?

A

No

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9
Q

Cell layer thickness cytology slide:

A

Thin

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10
Q

How many 1 sec dips in diff quik

A

5

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11
Q

Label parts of sample after 30 mins

  • plain tube
  • EDTA tube
A

Plain tube: serum & clotted RBC

EDTA: plasma, buffy coat (WBC, platelets), red cells

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12
Q

What is found in plasma but is not found in serum?

A

Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Microscopic fibre formed when blood clots:

A

Fibrin

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14
Q

Why do we separate blood from clot for long term storage ?

A

To prevent chemicals leaching out of old and damaged cells

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15
Q

Prac methods of separating serum from clot:

A

Using pipette to siphon off serum

Serum separator tube (SST)

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16
Q

Most versatile anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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17
Q

Best anticoagulant for blood smears in mammals

A

EDTA

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18
Q

Use of citrate (blue) and flox (grey) tubes:

A

Citrate (blue): coag studies

Flox (grey): delayed glucose testing

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19
Q

What happens if serum is centrifuged before clot retraction occurs?

A

Serum will become a solid fibrinous gel because platelets are spun out before they have contracted fibrin in clot

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20
Q

Where should a sample be left for clotting ?

A

Room temp for 30mins

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21
Q

SST

  • inverted?
  • storage?
  • centrifuged?
  • sample?
A

Inverted 5 times
Left at room temp to clot
Spun down after 30 mins
Serum poured off within 60 mins

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22
Q

Which blood cells are responsible for clot retraction/ contraction?

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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23
Q

Why is it best to fast an animal before collecting blood?

A

Lipemia

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24
Q

Parts of blood smear

A

RBC (erythrocytes)

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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25
Microhaematocrit tube
Plasma Buffy coat (WBC, platelets) Red cells
26
Anaemic dog and cat PCV
Dog <37% | Cat <30%
27
Healthy dog and cat PCV
Dog 45% | Cat 35%
28
Healthy dog TPP
70g/l
29
Read meniscus at ?
Bottom
30
Tests to diagnose dehydration
PCV and TPP
31
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction
32
Storing blood for biochem - within 30mins - 30 mins to 48hrs
Within 30mins : room temp (20 degrees) 30 mins- 48hrs : fridge temp (4 degrees)
33
2 enzymes assayed for - liver injury - liver function - pancreatic injury - kidney function
- liver injury: ALT, ALP - liver function: bike acids, ammonia, bilirubin - pancreatic injury: amalyse, lipase - kidney function: urea, creatinine
34
Pigmented liver metabolite responsible for jaundice?
Bilirubin
35
What do antigens do?
Detect infection and previous exposure
36
What are antibodies? When can they be detected? How long can they remain in body?
Antibodies are formed as an immune response to fight infection, each antibody is designed to fit an antigen specifically like a lock and key. 2-3 weeks after start of infection Up to years or months
37
When should URINE sample be refrigerated?
If not used within 30mins
38
Changes that occurs to URINE with age
pH rises Glucose levels fall Bacteria proliferate Renal tubular casts break up Possible colour and turbidity changes
39
Why do we note collection method ?
To indicate expected blood and bacteria contamination levels
40
When can we dipstick a refrigerated sample?
At room temp
41
Why is a dipstick held horizontally?
So results aren't altered by cross contamination of other pads
42
Dessication gels purpose
Absorbs the moisture in the container
43
Do we refrigerate dipsticks
No
44
Non haemolysed blood on a urine dipstick indicates what? And is indicated how?
Indicated by red spots and indicated intact RBC
45
What 2 results are considered inaccurate on human dipsticks in vet medicine?
Urine specific gravity and leukocytes
46
What does red urine indicate?
Presence of haemoglobin ????
47
Flea droppings affect which 2 tests on a urine dipstick?
Blood and protein
48
Should be pH always be recorded ?
Yes
49
Advantage and disadvantage of cystocentesis
Advantage: sterility, less contamination Disadvantage: invasive, stress, blood from needle?
50
Turbidity is?
Cloudiness
51
Flocculent is
Floating particles
52
Gross characteristics of URINE
Colour Smell Volume
53
Alternative names for "coffin lid" crystals
Struvite Triple phosphate Magnesium ammonium phosphate
54
Zoonotic disease from dog urine
Leptospirosis
55
Parasitic eggs found in dog faeces harmful to humans
Hydatid tapeworm
56
How much poo for faecal float?
1mL
57
How long is faecal sample left for
10-20mins
58
What can you use to cover faecal float
Microscope slide or coverslip
59
Adult dog faecal floatation with mucoid blood flecked diarrhoea?
Whipworm
60
Stain used to divide bacteria into 2 groups ?
Gram stain
61
Purpose of bacterial culture
Culture and sensitivity
62
Ringworm test
Fungassay
63
Where do we grow this test
On a shelf away from direct sunlight
64
How should the cap for this test be closed
Partially closed
65
How often should this test be checked
Daily for up to 2 weeks
66
A pathogenic fungus is indicated by what?
Colour change in early growth
67
Deep skin scraping method
Slightly blunt scalpel used to scrape skin, skin is squeezed to push mites out of hair follicle
68
How many superficial scrapes for scabies
Up to 10
69
Scalpel blade used should be ?
Slightly blunt
70
Making skin debris adhere to slide using
Sterile lube Paraffin oil Water/ saline
71
Minimise tissue deterioration of a biopsy before placing in formalin by?
Keeping moist with sterile saline

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