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Clinical Methods > Clinical Methods > Flashcards

Clinical Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium

A

in mEq/L: 135-147

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2
Q

Potassium

A

in mEq/L: 3.5-5.2

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3
Q

Chloride

A

in mEq/L: 95-107

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4
Q

Bicarbonate

A

22-29

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5
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

in mg/dl: 7-20

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6
Q

Creatinine (Crt)

A

in mg/dl: 0.5-1.4

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7
Q

Glucose

A

in mg/dl: 60-110

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8
Q

Total Bilirubin

A

in mg/dl: 0.1-1.2

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9
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase

A

in IU/L: 33-153

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10
Q

SGOT (AST)

A

<35

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11
Q

SGPT (ALT)

A

<35

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12
Q

Albumin

A

in g/dl: 3.2-5

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13
Q

Calcium

A

in g/dl: 8.8-10.3

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14
Q

Phosphate

A

in mg/dl: 2.5-4.5

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15
Q

Magnesium

A

in mEq/L: 1.6-2.4

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16
Q

WBCs

A

4500-10,000

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17
Q

RBCs

A

4.0-5.5 (x10^6)

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18
Q

Hgb

A

(g/dl) 12.0-16.5

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19
Q

Hct

A

36-50 %

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20
Q

MCV

A

80-100

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21
Q

Platelet count

A

100,000-450,000

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22
Q

Protime (PT)

A

10-14 sec

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23
Q

Partial Prothrombin Time (PTT)

A

25-39 sec

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24
Q

Systolic Bp

A

Normal:119 or less
Prehypertension: 120-139
Stage 1 htn: 140-159
Stage 2 htn: 160 or greater

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25
Q

INR (PTtest/PTnormal)

A

0.8-1.2

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26
Q

Diastolic Bp

A

Normal: 79 or lower
Prehypertension: 80-89
Stage 1htn: 90-99
Stage 2 htn: 100 or higher

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27
Q

Mitral valve

A

Cardiac apex

28
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Lower left sternal border

29
Q

Pulmonic valve

A

2nd and 3rd interspace near sternum

30
Q

Aortic valve

A

Heard anywhere from 2nd interspace to apex

31
Q

PR interval

A

Time from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization 0.12-0.2 seconds

32
Q

ST segment

A

Time from end of ventricular depolarization to start of ventricular repolarization

33
Q

QT interval

A

Time from start of ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization

34
Q

S1

A

1st heart sound, mitral valves shut

35
Q

S2

A

2nd heart sound, aortic valve shuts. Split with inspiration

36
Q

S3

A

Sound of deceleration of blood on ventricular wall

37
Q

S4

A

Atrial contraction

38
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

About 500 ml, amount of air inspired during relaxed normal breathing

39
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

about 3,100 ml, the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

40
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

about 1,200 ml, the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

41
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

about 1,200 ml, the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

42
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

about 6,000 ml, maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs (TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV)

43
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

about 4,800 ml, total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC=TV +IRV+ERV = approximately 80% of TLC)

44
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

about 3,600 ml, maximum amount of air that can be inspired (IC=TV+IRV)

45
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

about 2,400 ml, amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal expiration (FRC= RV+ERV)

46
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

A

volume of gas exhaled in one second by a forced expiration from a full inspiration

47
Q

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

vital capacity measured with a forced expiration

48
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio

A

The percent of forced vital capacity that is exhaled in the first second (should be 80% in a healthy individual)

49
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease

A

COPD, Asthma. Involves difficulty exhaling due to damage to the lungs or narrowing of airways inside the lungs, air comes out more slowly than normal. At the end of a full exhalation, an abnormally high amount of air may still linger in the lungs. This will reduce FEV1/FVC ratio to <70%.

50
Q

Restrictive Lung Disease

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis- results from a condition causing stiffness in the lungs themselves (or area surrounding lungs). Therefore the FEV1/FVC ratio will remain normal or may be elevated to >80%.

51
Q

Normal ABG ranges

A 
pH: 7.35-7.45
pCO2: 35-45
pO2: 80-100
HCO3: 22-26
O2 sat: 95-100%
52
Q

Flexible Bronchoscopy Contraindications

A

Severe Bronchospasm and Bleeding

53
Q

VQ scan

A

Uses Scintigraphy and medical isotopes to evaluate circulation of air and blood within a patients lungs to determine the ventilation/perfusion ratio

54
Q

Sinus Arrythmia

A

Normal, except slightly irregular. Reflects variation with inspiration and expiration

55
Q

Sinus Arrest

A

Sinus node stops firing, could lead to asystole. Fortunately other myocardial cells spring in to action and take over pacing (escape beats)

56
Q

Pacemakers

A

SA node: 60-100 BPM
Atrial foci: 60-75 BPM
Junctional foci (AV node): 40-60 BPM
Ventricular foci (His bundle, bundle branches and purkinje system): 20-40 BPM

57
Q

Junctional Escape Rhythm

A

one of the most common escape mechanisms, depolarization originates near AV node and usual pattern of atrial depolarization does not occur, so NO P WAVES

58
Q

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

A

Regular QRS. P aves are retrograde if visible. Rate 150-250 BPM. Initiated by premature supraventricular beat and persisted by reentrant. Carotid massage slows or terminates.

59
Q

Atrial Flutter

A

Regular, saw toothed. 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 block. Atrial rate: 250-350 BPM. Ventricular rate is fraction of atrial rate. Carotid massage: increases block

60
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Irregularly irregular, without discernable p waves. Undulating baseline. Atrial rate 350-500 BPM. Ventricular rate is variable. Carotid massage may slow ventricular rate.

61
Q

Multifocal Atrial tachycardia

A

Irregular with rate of 100-200 BPM. At least 3 different p-wave morphologies from different atrial foci. Wandering pacemake when rate < 100BPM. Carotid massage has no effect.

62
Q

Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia

A

Regular, rate 100-200 BPM. Characteristic warm up period in the automatic form. Carotid massage has no effect or mild slowing.

63
Q

Premature Ventricular Contractions

A

PVC’s, most common of ventricular arrythmias. QRS complex is wide and bizarre b/c ventricular depolarization does not follow normal conduction

64
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia

A

Run of 3 or more consecutive PVCs. Rate: 100-200 BPM and may be slightly irregular. Sustained VT is an emergency preceding cardiac arrest. Can be uniform or polymorphic (torsades de pointes)

65
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Preterminal event, seen almost solely in dying hearts. Most frequently encountered arrythmia in adults who experience sudden death. Course or fine, no true QRS complexes. No cardiac output (CPR/defibrillation immediately)

66
Q

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm

A

Benign rhythm seen during acute MI. Regular rhythm occuring at 50-100 BPM. Represents a ventricular escape focus that has accelerated sufficiently to drive the heart. Rarely sustained, does not progress to VF and rarely requires treatment.

67
Q

Torsades De Pointes

A

Form of VT usually seen in pts with prolonged QT intervals. Prolonged QT:congenital or result from electrolyte disturbance

Clinical Methods (1 decks)

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