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Physiology Module 6 > Clinical Integration > Flashcards

Clinical Integration Flashcards

0
Q

3 types of ARF

A

Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal

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1
Q

Condition wherein kidneys abruptly stop working but may eventually recover nearly normal function

A

Acute Renal failure

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2
Q

Type of ARF: results from decreased blood supply

A

Prerenal

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3
Q

Amount of blood received by the kidneys

A

1100 ml/min or 20-25% of cardiac output

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4
Q

When GFR IS _____, oxygen consumed is just to keep renal cells alive

A

Zero

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5
Q

When renal blood flow is severely low or prolonged, what happens to the renal cells?

A

They die

– proceed to intrarenal failure

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6
Q

Diminished urine output below the level of intake of water

A

Oliguria

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7
Q

Total cessation of urine output

A

Anuria

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8
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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9
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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10
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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11
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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12
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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13
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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14
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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15
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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16
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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17
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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18
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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19
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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20
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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21
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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22
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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23
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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24
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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25
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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26
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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27
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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28
Q

Type of ARF: caused by partial or complete obstruction in the urinary tract

A

Postrenal

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29
Q

Prolonged obstruction will lead to

A

Chronic kidney disease

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30
Q

Causes by: streptococcal infection

What kind of ARF?
A. Prerenal
B. intrarenal
C. Postrenal

A

B. intrarenal - vascular

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31
Q

Causes by: severe renal ischemia

What kind of ARF?
A. Prerenal
B. intrarenal
C. Postrenal

A

B. intrarenal - tubular

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32
Q

Causes by: toxins

What kind of ARF?
A. Prerenal
B. intrarenal
C. Postrenal

A

B. intrarenal - tubular

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33
Q

Type of Intrarenal ARF: accounts for more than 50% of cases of ARF

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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34
Q

Type of ARF: caused by transient renal hyperfusion

A

Prerenal

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35
Q

Causes by: hemorrhage and MI

What kind of ARF?
A. Prerenal
B. intrarenal
C. Postrenal

A

A. Prerenal

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36
Q

Causes by: acute pyelonephritis

What kind of ARF?
A. Prerenal
B. intrarenal
C. Postrenal

A

B. intrarenal - interstitial

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37
Q

Most serious threat of acute renal failure that can cause fatal arrhythmias

A

Hyperkalemia

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38
Q

Severe renal failure of _____ days can cause death

A

8-14

39
Q

Chronic kidney disease is describes as persistent acute kidney injury for ________

A

6 months or more

40
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR > 90 with risk factors for CKD

A

Stage 0

41
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR > 90 with demonstrated kidney damage

A

Stage 1

42
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR is 60 - 89

A

Stage 2

43
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR is 30 - 59

A

Stage 3

44
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR is 15 - 29

A

Stage 4

45
Q

Stages of CKD: GFR < 15

A

Stage 5

46
Q

Estimation of GFR that uses estimated creatinine clearance

A

Cockcroft-Gault equation

47
Q

Cockcroft-Gault equation multiplier for women

A

0.85

48
Q

Peak GFR is attained when?

A

3rd decade of life

49
Q

Results from progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons

A

Chronic renal failure

50
Q

In Chronic Renal Failure, serious symptoms occur when the number of functioning nephrons is _______

A

Below 70-75%

51
Q

In Chronic Renal Failure, normal electrolytes and fluid volume is conserved until the number of nephrons is

A

Below 20-25%

52
Q

Condition where there is significant irreversible reduction in nephron number

A

Chronic Renal failure

53
Q

CRF corresponds to CKD stages?

A

3-5

54
Q

Represents a stage of CKD where the accumulation of toxins, fluid, and electrolytes normally excreted results in uremic syndrome

A

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

55
Q

Overcompensatory mechanism of decreased number of nephrons will result to _________ Glomerular pressure and filtration.

A. Increased
B. decreased

A

A. Increased

56
Q

Kidney disease: Caused by increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

A

NephROtic syndrome

57
Q

Most important feature of nephrotic syndrome

A

Onset of HEAVY PROTEINURIA

58
Q

Most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome

A

Minimal change disease

59
Q

What causes the proteins to pass through the glomerular membrane in nephrotic syndrome

A

Loss of negative charges normally present in the glomerular capillary basement membrane

60
Q

Kidney disease: extensive inflammatory damage to glomeruli that causes a fall in GFR

A

NephRItic syndrome

61
Q

Kidney disease: renal tubules are unable to secrete adequate amounts of hydrogen ions

A

Renal Tubular Acidosis

62
Q

Kidney disease: large amounts of sodium bicarbonate are continually lost in the urine

A

Renal tubular acidosis

63
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

Minimum urine ph > 5.5

A

Type 1

64
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

Renal stones is present

A

Type 1

65
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

Plasma potassium is high

A

Type 4

66
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

There is reduced H excretion in DISTAL tubule

A

Type 1

67
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

Causes by impaired HCO3 reabsorption in proximal tubule

A

Type 2

68
Q

Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis

Caused by impaired cation exchange in distal tubule

A

Type 4

69
Q

Kidney disease: result from mutations affecting any of five ion transport in proteins in the thick ascending loop of henle

A

Bartter syndrome

70
Q

Kidney disease: syndrome mimics the effect of chronic usage of a loop diuretic

A

Bartter syndrome

71
Q

Kidney disease: mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter in the DCT

A

Gitelman syndrome

72
Q

Substances that increase the rate of urine volume output

A

Diuretics

73
Q

Increased sodium output

A

Natriuresis

74
Q

Increased water output

A

Diuresis

75
Q

Type of Diuretic: increased concentration of osmotically active solutes

A

Osmotic diuretics

76
Q

Drugs classified as an osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol
Urea
Sucrose

77
Q

Mannitol is under what kind of diuretic?

A

Osmotic

78
Q

What is the most commonly used osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol

79
Q

Blood glucose of _________ will result to no tubular reabsorption

A

> 250 ml

80
Q

Type of Diuretic: decrease active reabsorption in the THICK ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

Loop diuretics

81
Q

Loop diuretics block what transporter

A

Na-Cl-K cotansporter

82
Q

Furosemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide are examples of what diuretic

A

Loop diuretic

83
Q

Most commonly used loop diuretic but cannot be used to patients with low albumin levels

A

Furosemide

84
Q

What are the two impaired mechanisms when loop diuretics are givem

A

Urine dilution

Urine concentration

85
Q

This system is found in the medulla and is disrupted by decreasing absorption of ions from the loop of henle

A

Countercurrent multiplier system

86
Q

Type of Diuretic: act on the early DISTAL tubules

A

Thiazides

87
Q

Thiazides block what transporter

A

Na-Cl cotransporter

88
Q

Example of a thiazide diuretic

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

89
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule

A

Carbonic anhydrase

90
Q

Acetazolamide is what kind of diuretic

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

91
Q

H ion secretion and HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubules are coupled to__________ through __________ transport mechanism

A

Na reabsorption; Na-H counter transport mechanism

92
Q

Diuretics that causes acidosis

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

93
Q

Diuretics that causes potassium sparing

A

Aldosterone antagonist

Sodium channel blocker

94
Q

Spironolactone and eplerenone are under what kind of diuretics

A

Aldosterone antagonist

95
Q

Amiloride and triamterene are under what kind of diuretic

A

Na channel blocker

Physiology Module 6 (3 decks)

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