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Physiology Module 6 > Clinical Integration > Flashcards

Clinical Integration Flashcards

0
Q

3 types of ARF

A

Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal

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1
Q

Condition wherein kidneys abruptly stop working but may eventually recover nearly normal function

A

Acute Renal failure

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2
Q

Type of ARF: results from decreased blood supply

A

Prerenal

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3
Q

Amount of blood received by the kidneys

A

1100 ml/min or 20-25% of cardiac output

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4
Q

When GFR IS _____, oxygen consumed is just to keep renal cells alive

A

Zero

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5
Q

When renal blood flow is severely low or prolonged, what happens to the renal cells?

A

They die

– proceed to intrarenal failure

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6
Q

Diminished urine output below the level of intake of water

A

Oliguria

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7
Q

Total cessation of urine output

A

Anuria

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8
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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9
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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10
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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11
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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12
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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13
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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14
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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15
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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16
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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17
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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18
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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19
Q

Types of intrarenal ARF

A

Vascular
Tubular
Interstitial

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20
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries

A

Vascular

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21
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium

A

Tubular

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22
Q

Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium

A

Interstitial

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23
Q

Type of ARF: abnormality that originate within the kidney and that abruptly diminished urine output

A

Intrarenal

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24
Types of intrarenal ARF
Vascular Tubular Interstitial
25
Type of intrarenal ARF: conditions that injure glomerular cappilaries
Vascular
26
Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal tubular epithelium
Tubular
27
Type of intrarenal ARF: damages the renal interstitium
Interstitial
28
Type of ARF: caused by partial or complete obstruction in the urinary tract
Postrenal
29
Prolonged obstruction will lead to
Chronic kidney disease
30
Causes by: streptococcal infection What kind of ARF? A. Prerenal B. intrarenal C. Postrenal
B. intrarenal - vascular
31
Causes by: severe renal ischemia What kind of ARF? A. Prerenal B. intrarenal C. Postrenal
B. intrarenal - tubular
32
Causes by: toxins What kind of ARF? A. Prerenal B. intrarenal C. Postrenal
B. intrarenal - tubular
33
Type of Intrarenal ARF: accounts for more than 50% of cases of ARF
Acute tubular necrosis
34
Type of ARF: caused by transient renal hyperfusion
Prerenal
35
Causes by: hemorrhage and MI What kind of ARF? A. Prerenal B. intrarenal C. Postrenal
A. Prerenal
36
Causes by: acute pyelonephritis What kind of ARF? A. Prerenal B. intrarenal C. Postrenal
B. intrarenal - interstitial
37
Most serious threat of acute renal failure that can cause fatal arrhythmias
Hyperkalemia
38
Severe renal failure of _____ days can cause death
8-14
39
Chronic kidney disease is describes as persistent acute kidney injury for ________
6 months or more
40
Stages of CKD: GFR > 90 with risk factors for CKD
Stage 0
41
Stages of CKD: GFR > 90 with demonstrated kidney damage
Stage 1
42
Stages of CKD: GFR is 60 - 89
Stage 2
43
Stages of CKD: GFR is 30 - 59
Stage 3
44
Stages of CKD: GFR is 15 - 29
Stage 4
45
Stages of CKD: GFR < 15
Stage 5
46
Estimation of GFR that uses estimated creatinine clearance
Cockcroft-Gault equation
47
Cockcroft-Gault equation multiplier for women
0.85
48
Peak GFR is attained when?
3rd decade of life
49
Results from progressive and irreversible loss of functioning nephrons
Chronic renal failure
50
In Chronic Renal Failure, serious symptoms occur when the number of functioning nephrons is _______
Below 70-75%
51
In Chronic Renal Failure, normal electrolytes and fluid volume is conserved until the number of nephrons is
Below 20-25%
52
Condition where there is significant irreversible reduction in nephron number
Chronic Renal failure
53
CRF corresponds to CKD stages?
3-5
54
Represents a stage of CKD where the accumulation of toxins, fluid, and electrolytes normally excreted results in uremic syndrome
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
55
Overcompensatory mechanism of decreased number of nephrons will result to _________ Glomerular pressure and filtration. A. Increased B. decreased
A. Increased
56
Kidney disease: Caused by increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
NephROtic syndrome
57
Most important feature of nephrotic syndrome
Onset of HEAVY PROTEINURIA
58
Most common cause of Nephrotic syndrome
Minimal change disease
59
What causes the proteins to pass through the glomerular membrane in nephrotic syndrome
Loss of negative charges normally present in the glomerular capillary basement membrane
60
Kidney disease: extensive inflammatory damage to glomeruli that causes a fall in GFR
NephRItic syndrome
61
Kidney disease: renal tubules are unable to secrete adequate amounts of hydrogen ions
Renal Tubular Acidosis
62
Kidney disease: large amounts of sodium bicarbonate are continually lost in the urine
Renal tubular acidosis
63
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis Minimum urine ph > 5.5
Type 1
64
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis Renal stones is present
Type 1
65
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis Plasma potassium is high
Type 4
66
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis There is reduced H excretion in DISTAL tubule
Type 1
67
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis Causes by impaired HCO3 reabsorption in proximal tubule
Type 2
68
Type of Renal Tubular Acidosis Caused by impaired cation exchange in distal tubule
Type 4
69
Kidney disease: result from mutations affecting any of five ion transport in proteins in the thick ascending loop of henle
Bartter syndrome
70
Kidney disease: syndrome mimics the effect of chronic usage of a loop diuretic
Bartter syndrome
71
Kidney disease: mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter in the DCT
Gitelman syndrome
72
Substances that increase the rate of urine volume output
Diuretics
73
Increased sodium output
Natriuresis
74
Increased water output
Diuresis
75
Type of Diuretic: increased concentration of osmotically active solutes
Osmotic diuretics
76
Drugs classified as an osmotic diuretic
Mannitol Urea Sucrose
77
Mannitol is under what kind of diuretic?
Osmotic
78
What is the most commonly used osmotic diuretic
Mannitol
79
Blood glucose of _________ will result to no tubular reabsorption
>250 ml
80
Type of Diuretic: decrease active reabsorption in the THICK ascending limb of the loop of henle
Loop diuretics
81
Loop diuretics block what transporter
Na-Cl-K cotansporter
82
Furosemide, ethacrynic acid and bumetanide are examples of what diuretic
Loop diuretic
83
Most commonly used loop diuretic but cannot be used to patients with low albumin levels
Furosemide
84
What are the two impaired mechanisms when loop diuretics are givem
Urine dilution | Urine concentration
85
This system is found in the medulla and is disrupted by decreasing absorption of ions from the loop of henle
Countercurrent multiplier system
86
Type of Diuretic: act on the early DISTAL tubules
Thiazides
87
Thiazides block what transporter
Na-Cl cotransporter
88
Example of a thiazide diuretic
Hydrochlorothiazide
89
What is the enzyme responsible for the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule
Carbonic anhydrase
90
Acetazolamide is what kind of diuretic
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
91
H ion secretion and HCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubules are coupled to__________ through __________ transport mechanism
Na reabsorption; Na-H counter transport mechanism
92
Diuretics that causes acidosis
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
93
Diuretics that causes potassium sparing
Aldosterone antagonist | Sodium channel blocker
94
Spironolactone and eplerenone are under what kind of diuretics
Aldosterone antagonist
95
Amiloride and triamterene are under what kind of diuretic
Na channel blocker

Physiology Module 6 (3 decks)

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