Clinical ID Overview Flashcards
Viruses
poliovirus-
poliomyelitis
Chlamydiae
Chlamydia trachomatis-trachoma
Rickettsiae
Rickettsia prowazekii- typhus fever
Mycoplasmas
mycoplasma pneumoniae- atypical pneumonia
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria
staphylococcus epidermidis-wound infection
vibriocholerae- cholera
streptococcus pneumoniae-pneumonia
mycobacterium tuberculosis-tuberculosis
Fungi imperfecti
trichophyton sp- tinea pedis
candida albicans- thrus
sporothrix schenckii-sporotrichosis
histoplasma capsulatum- histoplasmosis
Protozoa
Giardia lambia-Giardiasis
Trypanosoma gambiense- sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma cruzi - Chagas disease
Leishmania donovani-Kala-azar
Helminths
Enterobius vermicularis-oxyuriasis
Wucheria bacrofi-filariasis
Trichinella spiralis- Trichinosis
Polio would most appropriately be classified as…
Virus
Trachomatis would most appropriately be classified as…
chlamydiae
Prowazekii would most appropriately be classified as…
Rickettsiae
Pneumoniae would most appropriately be classified as…
mycoplasma (if mycoplasma pneumoniae)
or
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria (if streptococcus pneumoniae)
Staphylococcus epidermisdis would most appropriately be classified as…
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria
Vibrio cholerae would most appropriately be classified as…
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria
Tuberculosis would most appropriately be classified as…
bacteria, spirochetes, mycobacteria
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Trichophyton sp. would most appropriately be classified as…
fungi imperfecti
Candida albicans would most appropriately be classified as…
fungi imperfecti
Sporothrix schenkii would most appropriately be classified as…
fungi imperfecti
Histoplasma capsulatum would most appropriately be classified as…
fungi imperfecti
Giardia lambia would most appropriately be classified as…
protozoa
Trypanosoma gambiense would most appropriately be classified as…
protozoa
Trypanosoma cruzi would most appropriately be classified as…
protozoa
Leishmania donovani would most appropriately be classified as…
protozoa
Enterobius vermicularis would most appropriately be classified as…
helminths
Wucheria bancrofi would most appropriately be classified as…
helminths
Trichinella spiralis would most appropriately be classified as…
helminths
List the human host barriers to infection.
Intact host skin & mucosal surfaces
Secretory-excretory products
ex. lysozyme in tears acid in stomach
Breeches to Host Barriers
- Commensal skin bacteria (low virulence) cause infections when enter through cuts, burns, etc.
- Respiratory, GI, urogenital infections caused by virulent organisms penetrating intact mucosal barriers
Describe the mechanisms of bacteria-induced injury.
- Bacterial Virulence
- Depends on ability of bacteria to adhere, invade, & deliver toxic moieties - Bacterial Adherence
a. Adhesins are bacterial surface molecules that bind to host cells (Fig. 8-2)
- lipoteichoic acids, M proteins of S. pyogenes
- Fimbriae or pili on surface of gram-negative bacteria
b. Entry into macrophages – directed by receptors that recognize antibodies or complement on surface of bacteria
c. Entry into epithelial cells – dependent on interactions between bacterial surface and epithelial cell receptor such as integrins
- Bacterial Endotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): structural component of outer cell wall in gram negative bacteria; induces host cytokine release to cause fever, activate macrophages and B cells - Bacterial Exotoxins
- Toxins released by bacteria that interfere with cellular metabolism and allow bacteria to outgrow competing bacteria (ex. Diphtheria toxin, Vibrio cholera toxin, anthrax toxin)
Identify microbial pathogens that exhibit significant antigenic variation.
Rhinoviruses- colds
Influenza virus- influenza
N. gonorrhoeae- gonorrhea
Borrelia hermsii- Relapsing fever
Borrelia burgdorferi- Lyme disease
Trypanosoma brucei- African sleeping sickness
Giardia lamblia -Giardiasis
Plasmodium falciparum- severe malaria
Give one example of a microorganism that would cause each of the five types of inflammatory responses to infection.
A. Suppurative (Polymorphonuclear) Inflammation (caused by pyogenic bacteria…pneumococcal pneumonia)
B. Mononuclear and Granulomatous Inflammation (secondary syphilis)
C. Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation (herpesvirus blister)
D. Necrotizing Inflammation (necrotizing fasciitis caused by Group A streptococcus)
E. Chronic Inflammation and Scarring (ex. schistosome eggs - Schistosoma Haematobium)
Describe 3 classes of Helminthes and give an example of each.
Roundworms (nematodes): collagenous tegument and non-segmented structure (hookworms & Trichinella)
Flatworms (cestodes): gutless worms, heads sprout a ribbon of flat segments (tapeworms)
Flukes (trematodes): primitive leaflike worms with syncytial integument (schistosomes)
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by a Herpes blister on the mucosa?
cytoproliferative inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by increased vascular permeability and leukocytic infiltration by neutrophils as in pneumococcal pneumonia?
suppurative (polymorphonuclear) inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by secondary syphilis with perivascular infiltrate and endothelial proliferation?
mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by inclusion bodies (CMV)?
Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by polykaryons following cell fusion (measles)?
Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by morphologic lesions as seen in venereal warts/HPV?
Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation
What type of inflammatory response would be demonstrated by dysplastic changes and cancer?
Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation
