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Biophysical Agents > Clinical Electrical Stimulation > Flashcards

Clinical Electrical Stimulation Flashcards

1
Q

Can charges be transferred from one object to another

A

yes

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2
Q

Can charges be destroyed or created

A

no

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3
Q

can medications transfer charges

A

yes

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4
Q

How many protons and neutrons do electrically neutral atoms contain

A

equal numbers

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5
Q

what is the name of an atom with a deficiency of electrons

A

cations

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6
Q

what is the name of atoms with an excess of electrons

A

anions

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7
Q

what is polarity

A

term used to indicate the relative charge of the terminals or leads of an electrical units

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8
Q

what is an anode

A

+ polarity

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9
Q

what is a cathode

A
  • polarity
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10
Q

Do you need both an anode and cathode for estim

A

yes, you need a positive and negative lead

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11
Q

what is a conductor

A

material where charged particles move when placed in electrical field

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12
Q

what is an insulator

A

material in which charges are not free to move around

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13
Q

what are biological tissues

A

the higher the water content the better the conductor

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14
Q

what is voltage

A

the electrical potential difference between two points in an electrical field of the force that makes charged particles move

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15
Q

what is also known as EMF or potential difference

A

voltage

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16
Q

what is electrical current

A

amount of charge moving past a plane in the conductor per unit time

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17
Q

what is electrical current measured in

A

Amps

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18
Q

what is the formula for ohms law

A

I=VR

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19
Q

what is current flow directly proporitional to

A

voltage

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20
Q

what is current flow inversely proportional too

A

resistance

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21
Q

what does current flow determine

A

physiological response

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22
Q

what is current flow proportional too

A

driving force

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23
Q

what is the opposition to current flow

A

resistance or impedance

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24
Q

what is resistance or impedance measured in

A

ohms

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25
Q

What does voltage measured in volts =

A

pump

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26
Q

what does current measured in AMPs =

A

gallon

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27
Q

what is constant current unit

A

current flow stays the same even if the resistance changes (voltage will change in response)

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28
Q

what is constant voltage unit

A

voltage stays the same even if the resistance changes (current flow changes in response)

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29
Q

what do constant current machines show intensity in

A

amps or milliamps

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30
Q

what do constant volt machines show the output intensity in

A

volts

31
Q

what does constant current not mean

A

that the current only offers one intensity but that once the intensity is set by the PT, if there isa change in R this variable will not change

32
Q

What is the advantage of a CC unit

A
  • is that the physiological response is maintained, but it may be more painful
33
Q

what is the advantage of a cv unit

A

the voltage output stays the same and so does not become uncomfortable, but you may lose the desired patient response

34
Q

What are the different types of currents

A

direct
alternating
pulsatile

35
Q

what is a direct current

A

continuous or uninterrupted unidirectional flow of charged particles

36
Q

what happens to the pads with a direct flow

A

there are chemical changes under the pad

37
Q

what is the physiology of direct current

A
  • Negative electrode (cathode) attracts cations, sodium ions (na+), which bind with H2O to form NAOH, sodium hydroxide, a base solution
  • Positive electrode (anode) attracts anions, chloride ions (Cl-), which bind with H20 to form HCL, hydrochloric acid, an acid solution
38
Q

what is an alternating current

A

continuous or interrupted bi directional flow of charged particles (can be symmetrical and asymetrical)

39
Q

Which type of current is characterized as each electrodes becoming positive for one phase of the cycle and then negative for the next phase

A

alternating current

40
Q

what happens to the pads in an alternating current

A

nothing, there is no chemical build up under the pads

41
Q

What is a pulsatile current

A

uni or bidirectional flow of charged particles which periodically ceases for a finite period of time

42
Q

what type of current is characterized as a pulse being one electrical event separated by a finite period of time when current does not flow

A

pulsatile current

43
Q

what is an interpulse/interphase interval

A

the elapsed time between successive pulses

44
Q

what is waveform

A

a shape of the visual representation of pulsed current on a current or voltage time plot

45
Q

what is phase

A

current flow in one direction for a finite period of time

46
Q

what are the types of phases

A

monophasic
biphasic

47
Q

what is monophasic

A

pulse deviates in one direction only from the baseline and returns to the baseline after a finite time

48
Q

what is biphasic

A

pulse deviates in one direction from the baseline and then deviates in the opposite direction

49
Q

what are the two types of biphasic phases

A

symmetrical and assymmetrial

50
Q

what is biphasic symmetrical

A

mirror image

51
Q

what is biphasic asymmetrical

A

can be balanced or unbalanced; balanced is where the phase charges or area under the curve is equal

52
Q

what type of waveforms have equal positive and negative chargesand are refereed to as having zero net charge

A

symmetrical waveforms and balanced asymmetrical waveforms

53
Q

what kind of waveforms do not have a zero net charge

A

asymmetrical waveforms

54
Q

what is phase duration

A

elapsed time between the begining and end of one phase

55
Q

what is pulse duration

A

elapsed time between the begining and end of all phases in single pulse

56
Q

what is intrapulse interval or interphase interval

A

the elapsed time between two successive phases of a pulse

57
Q

what is interpulse interval

A

elapsed time between successive pulses

58
Q

what is frequency

A

number of pulses per second for a pulsed current

59
Q

what is A/C expressed in

A

hz or cycles per second

60
Q

what is rise times

A

the times for the leading edge of the phase to increase from the baseline peak amplitude of the phase

61
Q

what is decay times

A

the time of the trailing edge of the phase to return to the baseline fourth peak amplitude of the phase

62
Q

what is ampltude

A

unit of measure of magnitude of current with reference to baseline

63
Q

what is peak amplitude

A

maximum current value reached in monophasic pulse of any single phase of a biphasic or polphasic pulse

64
Q

what is phase charge

A

charge within each phase or area under the curve, determines physiological charge (only one direction)

65
Q

what is pulse charge

A

the sum of the charge of the component phase (used to measure current delivered)

66
Q

what is modulation

A

amplitude or time related characteristics that are varied in prescribed fashion

67
Q

what are the different types of modulation

A

amplitude
pulse or phase duration
rate or frequency
ramp
train
bursts
on/off time
duty cycle

68
Q

what is train

A

a continuous reptitive sequence of pulses or cycles of alternating current

69
Q

what is bursts

A

an interrupted train, a finite series of pulses delivered at an identified frequency or duration

70
Q

what is on/off time

A

measured in seconds, percievable by the patient

71
Q

what is the duty cycle

A

ratio of on time to total time generally expressed as a percentage

72
Q

what is a series component

A

current flows in one direction only

73
Q

what is parallel component

A

current is provided with alternate paths and takes the path of least resistance

Biophysical Agents (5 decks)

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