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Abnormal Psychology > Clinical Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance-Induced Disorders

A

Disorders that are directly induced by using psychoactive substances.

  • Substance intoxication
  • Substance withdrawal
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2
Q

Substance Use Disorders

A

Patterns of maladaptive use of psychoactive substances that lead to significant levels of impaired functioning or personal distress.

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3
Q

Gambling Disorder

A

Classified by DSM-5 as a nonchemical addictive disorder

  • Loss of control over behavior
  • State of high arousal or pleasurable excitement when behavior is performed
  • Withdrawal symptoms

Cognitive errors (impulsivity, beliefs they can stop, beliefs they will likely win if continuing to gamble).

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4
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Severe weight loss due to significant restriction of calorie intake or self-starvation.

Usually develops between ages of 12 and 18.

Common features:

  • Excessive fear of gaining weight.
  • Distorted body image
  • Failure to recognize risks posed by abnormally low body weight
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5
Q

Binge-eating/purging type

A

Frequent episodes of binge eating or purging over a 3 month period.

Alternating between rigid control and impulsive behavior.

Substance abuse.

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6
Q

Restrictive type

A

Rigid and obsessive about diet and appearance.

No binging or purging episodes.

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7
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Characterized by recurrent episodes of gorging on large quantities of food, followed by compensatory behaviors.

Episodes occurring at least once a month for at least 3 months.

  • Purging by means of self-induced vomiting.
  • Use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas.
  • Fasting or engaging in excessive exercise.

Other commonly occurring features:

  • Feelings of lack of control over eating during binge-eating episodes
  • Excessive fear of gaining weight
  • Excessive emphasis on body shape and body weight on self-image
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8
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

Characterized by recurrent eating binges without purging.

Tends to occur more with older individuals (30’s & 40’s) compared to adolescents/young adults.

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9
Q

Insomnia Disorder

A

Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep.

What is insomnia disorder?
Chronic or persistent insomnia.

Occurs at least 3 nights per week for at least 3 months.

Causes significant personal distress and impaired functioning in meeting daily responsibilities.

Affects concentration, attention, response time, problem solving, and memory.

Associated with physical health problems, including impaired immune system functioning.

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10
Q

Hypersomnolence Disorder

A

Difficulty awakening following a prolonged sleep period (typically 8 to 12 hours).

Repeated episodes of sleepiness during day, frequent naps, dozing off.

Distress or difficulties in daily functioning.

Treated with stimulant medication.

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11
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden episodes of sleep without warning.

Immediate transition from wakefulness into REM sleep stage.

Occurs at least 3 times a week for a period of 3 months.

Sometimes associated with:

  • Cataplexy (sudden loss of muscular control)
  • Sleep paralysis (temporary state following awakening in which person is incapable of moving or talking).

Most common type is narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency syndrome.

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12
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

A psychological disorder in which people experience significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a conflict between their anatomic sex and their gender identity.

Diagnosis applies when there is significant distress associated with having transgender identity.

  • Often begins in childhood
  • Associated with depression
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13
Q

Erectile Disorder (ED)

A

A sexual dysfunction in males characterized by difficulty in achieving or maintaining erection during sexual activity.

Problem must be present for at least 6 months for approximately 75-100% of the time.

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14
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

A marked delay in reaching orgasm (in women) or an infrequency or absence of orgasm.

Problem must be present for 6 months or longer, cause distress, and occur during most instances of sexual activity.

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15
Q

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

A

Applies to women who experience sexual pain and/or difficulty engaging in vaginal intercourse or penetration.

Pain cannot be explained by an underlying medical condition(s).

Believed to have a psychological component.

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16
Q

Exhibitionism

A

Recurrent urges, fantasies, or behaviors of exposing of one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals for the purpose of sexual arousal.

Typically, person seeks to surprise, shock, or sexually arouse the victim.

Victims are typically female.

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17
Q

Fetishism

A

Recurrent, powerful sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving inanimate objects, such as an article of clothing.

Prefer the object over a person and unable to become sexually aroused without it.

Origins of fetish can usually be traced back to childhood.

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18
Q

Paraphilic Disorders

A

To be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder, the paraphilic behavior:

  • Must cause personal distress or impairment in important areas of daily functioning, or
  • Involve behaviors either presently or in the past in which satisfaction of the sexual urge involved harm or risk to others.
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19
Q

Transvestism

A

Recurrent and powerful urges, fantasies, or behaviors in which individuals become sexually aroused by cross-dressing.

Usually found among heterosexual men.

Cross-dressing typically done in private.

May frequent transvestite clubs or become involved in transvestic subculture.

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20
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A chronic, debilitating psychological disorder that touches every facet of the person’s life. It is characterized by a break with reality that typically takes the form of Characterized by a break with reality:

  • Hallucinations - (sensory distortions such as “hearing voices” or “seeing things”).
  • Delusions (fixed, false beliefs) and by a pattern of aberrant behavior.
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21
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

Lasting from a day to a month that often follows exposure to a major stressor.

Characterized by at least one of the following features:

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized speech
  • Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
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22
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Disorder lasting from one to six months in duration, with features that resemble schizophrenia.

23
Q

Diagnostic progression of schizophrenia

A

Notice that with diagnostic progression of schizophrenia, it tends to start with brief psychotic disorder, them schizophreniform disorder, then schizophrenia.

24
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

Applies to people who hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes.

Erotomania
- False belief that individual is loved by someone, usually someone famous or of high social status.

25
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Psychotic behaviors associated with schizophrenia occurring the same time as a major mood disorder.

26
Q

ADHD

A

Behavior disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity inappropriate for developmental level.

May present with anxiety or depression

Average or above average intelligence

Struggles in school

27
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Autism generally becomes evident in toddlers between 18 and 30 months of age, but the average child is not diagnosed until about age 6

  • Apparent desire for aloneness
  • Deficits in social skills
  • Language and verbal communication problems
  • Impaired of absent nonverbal communication
  • Ritualistic, repetitive, purposeless or stereotyped movements
  • Self-mutilation
  • Aversion to environmental change
  • Lack of differentiated self-concept
28
Q

Asperger’s Disorder

A

A form of ASD, is a pattern of abnormal behavior involving social awkwardness and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors but without significant language or cognitive deficits.

Used in DSM-IV, discontinued with DSM-5 and included within the concept of ASD.

29
Q

Intellectual Disability (ID)

A

A generalized delay or impairment in the development of intellectual and adaptive abilities.

Lack of basic conceptual, social, and practical skills of daily living.

Deficits in:

  • Reasoning and problem solving
  • Abstract thinking
  • Judgment
  • School performance

Low IQ score and impaired adaptive functioning before the age of 18.

30
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

Problems with reading

A

Dyslexia

  • Not used in the DSM-5, but commonly used among teachers, treatment providers, and researchers as a description.
  • Estimated to affect about 4% of school-age children.
  • Much more common in boys than in girls.
  • Have difficulty decoding letters and letter combinations and translating into appropriate sounds.
31
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

Problems with writing

A

Refers to children with grossly deficient writing skills
- Deficiency may be characterized by errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation, or by difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs

32
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

Problems with arithmetic and mathematic reasoning skills

A

Problems understanding basic mathematical operations, decoding mathematical symbols or learning multiplication tables

33
Q

Specific Learning Disorders

Problems with executive functions

A

Struggles with higher mental abilities involved in organizing, planning, and coordinating tasks.

Examples
- Putting together a puzzle, solving a multi-step math question, recognizing context of a word or phrase in a statement or sentence.

34
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Purposeful engagement in patterns of antisocial behavior that violate social norms and the rights of others.

  • Intentionally aggressive and cruel.
  • Do not experience guilt or remorse.
  • Substance abuse and early sexual activity.
  • Linked to antisocial behavior in adults.
  • 12% of males, 7% females.
  • Average age of onset – 11.6.
35
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

Children with ODD show negativistic and oppositional behavior in response to directives from parents, teachers, or other authority figures

  • Easily lose temper.
  • Spiteful or vindictive.

Most tend to not engage in physically aggressive behavior or property destruction (this is a key difference from Conduct Disorder).

36
Q

Delirium

A

A state of extreme mental confusion in which people have difficulty focusing their attention, speaking clearly and coherently, and orienting themselves to the environment.

  • Disturbances in perception.
  • Dramatic slowing of movement.
  • Fluctuations between restlessness and stupor.
37
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A degenerative brain disease that leads to progressive and irreversible dementia, characterized by memory loss and deterioration of other cognitive functions, including judgment and ability to reason

Risk increases dramatically with advancing age.

38
Q

Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder

A

A form of major or mild neurocognitive disorder resulting from cerebrovascular events (strokes) affecting the brain.

Symptoms:

  • Impaired memory and language ability.
  • Agitation.
  • Emotional instability.
  • Unable to attend to basic needs.
39
Q

Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by the deterioration of brain tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

Symptoms
- Memory loss and socially inappropriate behavior.

Originally known as Pick’s disease.

Usually begins in middle age.

40
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury

A

Head trauma results from:

  • Jarring
  • Banging
  • Cutting brain tissue from injury or assault

More likely to result from multiple head traumas than from a single blow.

Can cause progressive dementia

41
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Syndrome associated with chronic alcoholism, characterized by irreversible memory loss due to brain damage, resulting from deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine).

Often follows acute attack of Wernicke’s disease.

Major gaps in memory of past experiences and significant difficulty learning new information

Can become grossly disoriented and confused, and require custodial care.

42
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Progressive disease characterized by uncontrollable shaking or tremors, rigidity, disturbances in posture, and lack of control over body movements.

Most often strikes between the ages of 50 and 69.

Dementia occurs in about 80% of cases diagnosed with Parkinson’s.

43
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

An inherited degenerative disease from the progressive deterioration of the basal ganglia.

Most prominent physical symptoms are involuntary, jerky movements of the face (grimaces), neck, limbs, and trunk.

Typically begins between ages of 30 and 45

44
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection

A

HIV, which causes AIDS, can invade the central nervous system and cause a minor or major neurocognitive disorder.

Major cognitive effects include forgetfulness, impaired concentration, and problem-solving ability.

Dementia is rare in persons who have not yet developed full-blown AIDS.

Common behavioral features are apathy and social withdrawal.

As AIDS progresses, dementia grows more severe.

45
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Irresponsible behavior and lack of remorse for misdeeds.

Diagnosis limited to people 18 years of age or older.

Pattern of antisocial behavior begins in childhood or adolescence, and a previous diagnosis of conduct disorder.

46
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood.

Frequently includes:

  • Lack of control over impulses
  • Deep sense of emptiness
  • Impulsivity
  • Difficulty regulating negative emotions
  • Self-injurious behavior
  • Recurrent suicidal behaviors
  • Uncertainty about their personal identity
  • Rapid alterations between idealization and outrage toward others

Splitting
- Inability to reconcile positive and negative aspects of self and others resulting in sudden shifts between positive and negative feelings.

47
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Expect others to notice their special qualities

Self-absorbed

Lack empathy for others

Demand to be center of attention

Inflated view of self

Preoccupied with fantasies of success and power

Extreme sensitivity to criticism
- Narcissistic injuries

48
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection.

Few close relationships outside their immediate families.

Avoid group activities for fear of rejection.

Fear public embarrassment.

Often comorbid with social phobia.

49
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Overly submissive and clingy in relationships, excessive need to be cared for by others.

Rely on others to make decisions.

Overly sensitive to criticism.

Preoccupied with fears of rejection and abandonment.

Linked to other psychological disorders, including mood disorders and social phobia.

Associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disorder, and gastrointestinal disorders like ulcers and colitis.

50
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by excessive orderliness, perfectionism, rigidity, and need for control.

  • Need for perfection.
  • Unnecessary focus on details.
  • Rigidity in social relationships.
  • Difficulty making decisions.
51
Q

Kleptomania

A

Repeated acts of compulsive stealing.

Stolen objects are typically of little value or use to the person

Typically not motivated by anger or vengeance

Experience pleasurable excitement or gratification when they engage in compulsive stealing

52
Q

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

A

Repeated episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression in which people strike out at others or destroy property.

Episodes of violent rage and loss of control.

State of tension before their violent outbursts.

Sense of relief after outbursts.

Justify behavior.

Feel remorse or regret.
- This is a key difference from conduct disorder, which is only diagnosed during childhood/adolescence.

53
Q

Pyromania

A

Characterized by repeated acts of compulsive fire setting in response to irresistible urges.

Rare disorder and not well understood.

Most common motive is anger or revenge.

Feel a sense of psychological/emotional relief when setting fires.
- With conduct disorder, setting fires would be seen as a pattern of intentionally cruel and harmful behavior.

May feel sense of empowerment.

Abnormal Psychology (15 decks)

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