clinical correlates to the spine

Question 1

functional scoliosis

Answer 1

compensation for unequal leg length , vertebral rotation disappears

Question 2

structural scoliosis

Answer 2

rotation of vertebrae on eachother , scapula is elevated on convex side

Question 3

spondylosis

Answer 3

degeneration of intervertebral discs, may compress the cord, roots, and nerves

Question 4

vertebral ankylosis

Answer 4

bony fusion with calcification and ossification of intervertebral discs and ligaments

Question 5

spondylolisthesis

Answer 5

anterior subluxtion (shifting forward) of lower lumbar vertebrae

Question 6

herniated intervertebral disc

Answer 6

nucleus pulposus protrudes through defect, happens more in lordosis (C and L)

Question 7

cervical hyperextension

Answer 7

rupture of anterior longitudinal ligament in C2/3 intervertebral disc, spinal cord may be severed , head first fall

Question 8

fracture and dislocations of C vertebrae

Answer 8

forceful flexion, extension or violent blow to top of head
posterior longitudinal ligament and interspinous ligament may tear

Question 9

epidural anesthesia

Answer 9

drugs are injected to epidural space through sacral hiatus to diffuse through meninges

Question 10

laminectomy

Answer 10

removal of lamina of vertebral arches to relieve pressure of neural structures from: bony fragments, protruding discs, tumors, hematomas

Question 11

paraplegia

Answer 11

paralysis of lower body including both lower extremities, from spinal cord transection,

Question 12

quadriplegia

Answer 12

paralysis of all four limbs, results from spinla cord transection, superior to C3

Question 13

spinal cord ischemia

Answer 13

disruption of blood supply to spinal cord, leads to weakness or paralysis due to muscle denervation