Clinical Correlates Exam 2

Question 1

Alzheimer’s Diseasea form of senile dementia (loss of memory and intellectual abilities) first described in 1906 by a German doctor

Answer 1

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 2

Brain Tumor

Answer 2

an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain that can be malignant or benign

Question 3

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke

Answer 3

occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is interrupted, either by clogging of an artery (a blood clot for example) or rupture of an artery wall in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage)

Question 4

Epidural Block

Answer 4

an injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space around the spinal cord

Question 5

Hydrocephalus

Answer 5

an increase in intracranial pressure due to blockage of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), either within the brain’s ventricles or in the subarachnoid space

Question 6

Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap)

Answer 6

a procedure in which a long needle is inserted through the skin, vertebral ligaments, and meninges into the subarachnoid space for the purpose of withdrawing cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, measuring CSF pressure, or administering an anesthetic

Question 7

Meningitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the meninges caused by a bacterium or virus

Question 8

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 8

a disease that produces progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths that surround axons in the central nervous system

Question 9

Paraplegia

Answer 9

occurs when the spinal cord is damaged in the thoracic or lumbar regions, resulting in paralysis of both lower limbs

Question 10

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 10

a progressive disorder of the brain’s motor systems, affecting the basal nuclei

Question 11

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Answer 11

a disease cause by the poliovirus that can produce fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of reflexes

Question 12

Spina Bifida

Answer 12

a congenital disorder of the neural tube that causes absence of the vertebral arches

Question 13

Anosmia

Answer 13

loss of small

Question 14

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 14

is unilateral paralysis of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve – most prominently the muscles of facial expression

Question 15

Brachial Plexus Palsy

Answer 15

muscle weakness or paralysis and/or loss of sensation in the upper limb caused by an injury to the brachial plexus

Question 16

Dental Anesthesia

Answer 16

is administration of an anesthetic agent to block plain during dental procedures

Question 17

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Answer 17

a viral infection of the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) of spinal nerves (or sensory ganglia of cranial nerves)

Question 18

Neuralgia

Answer 18

the general term for “nerve pain” – usually sharp, throbbing pain the follows the distribution of a nerve

Question 19

Paresthesia

Answer 19

a feeling of “pins and needles” such as when a part of the body “falls asleep”

Question 20

Pudendal Nerve Block

Answer 20

is done to provide pain relief during the later stages of childbirth when the lower vagina and perineum are stretched by presentation of the baby’s head

Question 21

Sciatica

Answer 21

pain that radiates along the course of the sciatic nerve – from the buttock down the posterior thigh

Question 22

Horner’s Syndrome

Answer 22

a rare condition in which the sympathetic nerve supply to the head is damaged

Question 23

Reynaud’s Disease

Answer 23

a disorder of blood vessels supplying the skin

Question 24

Vasovagal Syncope (Vasovagal Episode)

Answer 24

one of the most common causes of dizziness and fainting

Question 25

Age-Related Macular Disease (Macular Degeneration)

Answer 25

occurs when the retina progressively degenerates in the region of the macula

Question 26

Astigmatism

Answer 26

a disorder producing blurry vision because of irregular curvatures of the cornea or lens along the different meridians (axes)

Question 27

Cataract

Answer 27

loss of transparency of the lens that produces a progressive loss of vision

Question 28

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Answer 28

inflammation of the conjunctiva usually caused by a virus or bacteria (including sexually transmitted infections)

Question 29

Detached Retina

Answer 29

a condition in which the pigmented layer and neural layer of the retina become separated by fluid that seeps between the layers, often following a blow to the head

Question 30

Glaucoma

Answer 30

a disease characterized by increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball due to blockage or restriction in the outflow of aqueous humor through the scleral venous sinus

Question 31

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)

Answer 31

a visual defect in which one can see objection in the distance clearly, but objection that are nearby appear blurry

Question 32

Lasik (laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis)

Answer 32

is the most commonly performed refractive surgery of the eye

Question 33

Myopia (nearsightedness)

Answer 33

a condition in which objects nearby can be seen clearly but objects that are far away appear blurry

Question 34

Papilledema

Answer 34

swelling of the optic disc due to increased pressure in the cranial cavity

Question 35

Presbyopia (elder eye)

Answer 35

an age-related loss of lens elasticity that causes difficulty in focusing on objects that are nearby

Question 36

Strabismus (cross-eyed or wall-eyed)

Answer 36

misalignment of the eyeballs so that the visual axes are not parallel -- the eyes do not track in unison when viewing an object

Question 37

Deafness

Answer 37

significant or total loss of hearing

Question 38

Conduction Deafness

Answer 38

caused by interference with the mechanisms that transmit sound waves through the external or middle ear

Question 39

Sensorineural Deafness

Answer 39

results from disease or injury to structures in the internal ear

Question 40

Meniere's Disease

Answer 40

results from an increase in endolymph volume and subsequent rise in pressure within the membranous labyrinth

Question 41

Otitis Media

Answer 41

inflammation of the mucous membranes in the middle ear (tympanic cavity) due to viral or bacterial infection

Question 42

Vertigo

Answer 42

a debilitating sensation of spinning or movement that occurs when the head and body are stationary