Clinical Correlates Exam 2 Flashcards
Alzheimer’s Diseasea form of senile dementia (loss of memory and intellectual abilities) first described in 1906 by a German doctor
Alzheimer’s Disease
Brain Tumor
an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain that can be malignant or benign
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke
occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is interrupted, either by clogging of an artery (a blood clot for example) or rupture of an artery wall in the brain (cerebral hemorrhage)
Epidural Block
an injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space around the spinal cord
Hydrocephalus
an increase in intracranial pressure due to blockage of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), either within the brain’s ventricles or in the subarachnoid space
Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap)
a procedure in which a long needle is inserted through the skin, vertebral ligaments, and meninges into the subarachnoid space for the purpose of withdrawing cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, measuring CSF pressure, or administering an anesthetic
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges caused by a bacterium or virus
Multiple Sclerosis
a disease that produces progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths that surround axons in the central nervous system
Paraplegia
occurs when the spinal cord is damaged in the thoracic or lumbar regions, resulting in paralysis of both lower limbs
Parkinson’s Disease
a progressive disorder of the brain’s motor systems, affecting the basal nuclei
Poliomyelitis (Polio)
a disease cause by the poliovirus that can produce fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of reflexes
Spina Bifida
a congenital disorder of the neural tube that causes absence of the vertebral arches
Anosmia
loss of small
Bell’s Palsy
is unilateral paralysis of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve – most prominently the muscles of facial expression
Brachial Plexus Palsy
muscle weakness or paralysis and/or loss of sensation in the upper limb caused by an injury to the brachial plexus
Dental Anesthesia
is administration of an anesthetic agent to block plain during dental procedures
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
a viral infection of the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) of spinal nerves (or sensory ganglia of cranial nerves)
Neuralgia
the general term for “nerve pain” – usually sharp, throbbing pain the follows the distribution of a nerve
Paresthesia
a feeling of “pins and needles” such as when a part of the body “falls asleep”
Pudendal Nerve Block
is done to provide pain relief during the later stages of childbirth when the lower vagina and perineum are stretched by presentation of the baby’s head
Sciatica
pain that radiates along the course of the sciatic nerve – from the buttock down the posterior thigh
Horner’s Syndrome
a rare condition in which the sympathetic nerve supply to the head is damaged
Reynaud’s Disease
a disorder of blood vessels supplying the skin
Vasovagal Syncope (Vasovagal Episode)
one of the most common causes of dizziness and fainting
Age-Related Macular Disease (Macular Degeneration)
occurs when the retina progressively degenerates in the region of the macula
Astigmatism
a disorder producing blurry vision because of irregular curvatures of the cornea or lens along the different meridians (axes)
Cataract
loss of transparency of the lens that produces a progressive loss of vision
Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
inflammation of the conjunctiva usually caused by a virus or bacteria (including sexually transmitted infections)
Detached Retina
a condition in which the pigmented layer and neural layer of the retina become separated by fluid that seeps between the layers, often following a blow to the head
Glaucoma
a disease characterized by increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball due to blockage or restriction in the outflow of aqueous humor through the scleral venous sinus
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
a visual defect in which one can see objection in the distance clearly, but objection that are nearby appear blurry
Lasik (laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis)
is the most commonly performed refractive surgery of the eye
Myopia (nearsightedness)
a condition in which objects nearby can be seen clearly but objects that are far away appear blurry
Papilledema
swelling of the optic disc due to increased pressure in the cranial cavity
Presbyopia (elder eye)
an age-related loss of lens elasticity that causes difficulty in focusing on objects that are nearby
Strabismus (cross-eyed or wall-eyed)
misalignment of the eyeballs so that the visual axes are not parallel – the eyes do not track in unison when viewing an object
Deafness
significant or total loss of hearing
Conduction Deafness
caused by interference with the mechanisms that transmit sound waves through the external or middle ear
Sensorineural Deafness
results from disease or injury to structures in the internal ear
Meniere’s Disease
results from an increase in endolymph volume and subsequent rise in pressure within the membranous labyrinth
Otitis Media
inflammation of the mucous membranes in the middle ear (tympanic cavity) due to viral or bacterial infection
Vertigo
a debilitating sensation of spinning or movement that occurs when the head and body are stationary
