Clinical Correlates 8 Products from Amino Acids Flashcards
The amount of creatinine excreted per day depends on _____ and kidney function and is constant at about 15 mmol for the average person. In cases of kidney failure, creatinine rises, as does the ____ __.
body muscle mass
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
___ is the drug that is commonly ingested at an overdose level. Glutathione plays a major role in detoxifying this potential hepatotoxic and lethal agent. As stores of GSH dwindle, the patient moves from malaise and vomiting to jaundice, ___ ____, and finally death. _____ (NAC) is a medication that replenishes levels of GSH during acetaminophen toxicity.
Acetaminophen
gastrointestinal bleeding, encephalopathy
N-Acetylcysteine
Numerous pharmacologic agents known as ___ (i.e., nitroglycerine, nitroprusside, and isosorbide dinitrate) release NO once they are in the bloodstream and are used in the control of blood pressure in select patients.
nitrates
GABA promotes ____ ___ by promoting entry of chloride into the neuron. Numerous pharmacologic agents (i.e., benzodiazepines, topiramate, lamotrigine, and tiagabine) ___ GABA activity in the treatment of seizures and other hyperspastic disorders.
neuron inhibition
stimulate
Histidine binds to __ receptors in the stomach, stimulating the release of gastric acid. Pharmacologic blockers of H1 receptors are used in the treatment of gastric reflux. H2 receptors are located on basophils and stimulate their degranulation during the allergic response. H2 receptor blockers are used to treat ___ conditions.
H1
allergic
Serotonin is an important stimulatory neurotransmitter involved in mood. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) promote serotonin’s actions and are first-line agents in the treatment of ___.
depression
___ ___ overproduce the neurotransmitter serotonin, with the accumulation of the primary metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). When these tumors metastasize to the liver, they cause ___ ___, which is characterized by diarrhea, flushing, wheezing, and cardiac valve damage.
Carcinoid tumors
carcinoid syndrome
Agents used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism (i.e., Graves disease), such as ____ and methimazole, inhibit the___of tyrosine residues as
well as the coupling reaction.
propylthiouracil
iodination
Albinism results from a defect in the conversion of ___ to melanin, with partial or full absence of this pigment in the hair, skin, or eye. The disorder results from a deficiency of the enzyme ___ (which converts tyrosine to melanin) or in defects in tyrosine transport. Lack of melanin increases the risk for developing skin cancer.
tyrosine
tyrosinase
In __ disease, dopamine levels are decreased because of a deficiency in conversion of dopa to dopamine. The common characteristics are tremors, difficulty initiating voluntary movement, a masked face with a staring expression, and a shuffling gait. Infantile forms of the disease have been found to be due to defects in __ __
Parkinson
tyrosine hydroxylase.
Inhibition of MAO and ___ are both approaches in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and Parkinson disease.
catecholamine O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Patients with pheochromocytomas overproduce adrenally synthesized catecholamines and have increased levels of ___; urinary levels of VMA are used to diagnose these tumors.
vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
__ is a structural analog of folic acid that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It functions primarily by inhibiting purine synthesis and, therefore, slows down cell proliferation as in __ or autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Methotrexate
cancer
___ is a folate analog that binds specifically to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. It is a potent antibacterial compound often used in conjunction with
sulfonamides, which also inhibit the same pathway in bacteria.
Trimethoprim
Spina bifida and anencephaly, the most common neural tube defects, are reduced by supplementation with folic acid before conception and during the___trimester of pregnancy.
first
