Clinical Correlates

Question 1

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 1

Form of senile dementia. Loss of neurons and atrophy of the Brian. Amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 2

Brain Tumor

Answer 2

Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain malignant or benign. Block the flow of CSF causing increased intracranial pressure.

Question 3

Cerebrovascular Accident

Answer 3

Stroke. Blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either by clogging of an artery. Cerebral hemorrhage

Question 4

Epidural block

Answer 4

injection into the epidural space around the spinal cord. Blocking the transmission of impulses through spinal nerves.

Question 5

Hydrocephalus

Answer 5

Water head. increase intracranial pressure due to blockage of CSF. Either in the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space.

Question 6

Lumbar Puncture

Answer 6

Spinal tap. Needle through skin, vertebral ligaments and meninges into the subarachnoid space for withdrawing CSF.

Question 7

Meningitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria or virus.

Question 8

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 8

a disease the produces progressive destruction of myelin sheath that surround axons

Question 9

Paraplegia

Answer 9

Spinal cord damaged in the thoracic or lumbar regions resulting in paralysis in the lower limbs.

Question 10

Quadriplegia

Answer 10

Spinal cord damaged in the cervical region resulting in paralysis of all four limbs

Question 11

Parkinsons disease

Answer 11

progressive disorder of the brains motor systems, affecting the basal nuclei. Dopamine neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the lentiform nucleus degenerate.

Question 12

Poliomyelitis

Answer 12

Destroys cell bodies of the motor neurons in the spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem.

Question 13

Spina Bifida

Answer 13

congenital disorder of the neural tube that causes absence of vertebral arches

Question 14

Anosmia

Answer 14

loss of smell

Question 15

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 15

unilateral paralysis of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve - most prominently the muscles of facial expression

Question 16

Brachial Plexus Palsy

Answer 16

muscle weakness or paralysis in the upper limb caused by injury of the brachial plexus. Loss of motor function

Question 17

Dental Anesthesia

Answer 17

anesthetic to block pain during dental procedures. Branches of the trigeminal nerve

Question 18

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

Answer 18

viral infection in the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia)of spinal nerves

Question 19

Neuralgia

Answer 19

Nerve pain. Sharp throbbing pain. Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 20

Paresthesia

Answer 20

felling of pins and needles due to nerve compression.

Question 21

Pudendal nerve block

Answer 21

provides pain relief during later stages of childbirth when the lower vagina and perineum are stretched. Injection near the spine of the ischium.

Question 22

Sciatica

Answer 22

Pain that radiates the course of the sciatic nerve. from the buttock down the posterior thigh

Question 23

Stingers (brachial plexus neurapraxia)

Answer 23

common injuries in contact sports such as football caused by violent stretching of the brachial plexus

Question 24

ANS - Honers Syndrome

Answer 24

a rare condition in which the sympathetic nerve supply to the head is damaged. Destroys the sympathetic trunks.

Question 25

ANS - Reynauds syndrome

Answer 25

disorder of blood vessels supplying the skin.

Question 26

ANS - Vasovagal Syncope

Answer 26

Causes of dizziness and fainting.

Question 27

Eye - Age-related macular disease

Answer 27

occurs when the retina progressively degenerates in the region of the macula.

Question 28

Eye - Astigmatism

Answer 28

disorder producing blurry vision, because of irregular curvatures of the cornea

Question 29

Eye - Cataract

Answer 29

Loss of transparency of the lens that produces a progressive loss of vision

Question 30

Eye - Conjunctivitis

Answer 30

inflammation of the conjunctiva

Question 31

Eye - Detached retina

Answer 31

A pigmented layer of the neural layer of the retina is separated by fluid that seeps between layers.

Question 32

Glaucoma

Answer 32

increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball to blockage of aqueous humor.

Question 33

Hyperopia

Answer 33

Farsightedness. A visual defect in which one can see objects in distance clearly but objects nearby are blurry.

Question 34

Lasik

Answer 34

correct curvature of the cornea

Question 35

Myopia

Answer 35

Nearsightedness

Question 36

Papilledema

Answer 36

swelling of the optic disc due to increased pressure in the cranial cavity.

Question 37

Presbyopia

Answer 37

age-related loss of lens elasticity that makes it hard to focus on objects nearby.

Question 38

Strabismus

Answer 38

cross-eyed is the misalignment of the eyeballs.

Question 39

Deafness

Answer 39

loss of hearing

Question 40

Conduction Deafness

Answer 40

interference with mechanisms that transmit sound waves through the middle ear.

Question 41

Sensorineural deafness

Answer 41

disease or injury in the internal ear.

Question 42

Meniere’s Disease

Answer 42

increase in endolymph volume and rise in pressure in the membranous labyrinth

Question 43

Ottis Media

Answer 43

inflammation of the mucous membranes in the tympanic cavity due to infection.

Question 44

Vertigo

Answer 44

the debilitating sensation of spinning movement that occurs when the head and body are staionary.