Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchiectasis is the chronic dilatation of one or more bronchi wherein the bronchi exhibit poor mucus clearance and there is predisposition to recurrent/chronic bacterial infection

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2
Q

What is Type I renal tubular acidosis?

A

Type I RTA (distal) is a condition characterised by the failure of H+ secretion into lumen of nephron by the alpha intercalated cells of the medullary collecting duct of the distal nephron

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3
Q

What is lactic acidosis?

A

Lactic acidosis is a condition characterised by the buildup of lactate in the body which leads to poor tissue perfusion and is often caused by exercising to exhaustion

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4
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A
  • COPD is a disease state which encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis and is characterised by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
  • Airflow limitation is progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious particles/gases
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5
Q

What is miliary tuberculosis?

A
  • Miliary tuberculosis is the widespread dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via hematogenous spread
  • It occurs either during primary infection or during reactivation and often multiple organs involved (including the lungs)
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6
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which mainly affects the lungs, but can affect any part of the body (abdomen, glands, bones and nervous system

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7
Q

What is Respiratory distress of the newborn?

A
  • Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a condition occurring in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs
  • There is an insufficient amount of surfactant to inflate and ventilate the lungs
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8
Q

What is uraemic acidosis?

A

Uraemic acidosis is advanced renal failure which leads to reduced acid secretion & the build up of plasma phosphate, sulphate, urate

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9
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Guillain–Barré syndrome is a rare and serious condition causing rapid-onset muscle weakness due to the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A pulmonary embolism is when and embolism passes through the right side of the heart and lodges in the pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Acute bronchitis is the short-term inflammation of medium-sized airways

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12
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-inflation of the alveoli

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13
Q

What is an embolism?

A

An embolism is the movement of material from one part of the circulation to another

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14
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

Ketoacidosis is a life-threatening metabolic state associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies in the blood and is a complication of Type I Diabetes

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15
Q

What is Type 1 Respiratory Failure?

A
  • Type 1 Respiratory Failure is defined as a low pO2 (< 8 kPa) or O2 saturation (<90%) in breathing room air at sea level
  • pCO2 might be normal or low
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16
Q

What is respiratory failure?

A

Respiratory failure is a condition which results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system so that arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot be kept at normal levels

17
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Kyphoscoliosis is a deformity of the spine characterized by abnormal curvature of the vertebral column in the lateral and anterior planes

18
Q

What is Type II renal tubular acidosis?

A

Type 2 RTA (proximal) is a condition characterised by a failure of the proximal tubular cells to reabsorb filtered bicarbonate from the urine, leading to urinary bicarbonate wasting and subsequent acidaemia

19
Q

What is Type 2 Respiratory Failure?

A

Type 2 Respiratory Failure is defined as a low pO2 (< 8 kPa) and pCO2

20
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic bronchitis is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involving a productive cough due to inflamed bronchial tubes and the overproduction of mucus

21
Q

What is alkalaemia?

A

Alkalaemia is a condition wherein the plasma pH > 7.45

22
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia is a condition resulting from the inflammation of the lung parenchyma (alveoli) and the accumulation of fluid in the air spaces

23
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, wherein widespread but variable airflow obstruction and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli occurs

24
Q

What is acidaemia?

A

Acidaemia is a condition wherein the plasma pH < 7.35

25
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Cystic fibrosis is a multisystem, autosomal recessive disease occurring due to a mutation in the CFTR molecule which is characterised by thickened secretions

26
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
  • Pneumothorax is a condition which occurs when air or gas is present within the pleural space
  • This removes surface tension of the serous flluid in the space and reduces lung extension