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GR Ophthalmology > Clinical Conditions > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Management of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swabs then Chloramphenicol

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2
Q

Signs of a herpes simples (viral) keratitis

A

Dendritic ulcer

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3
Q

Signs and symptoms of CRAO?

A

Sudden vision loss, painless

RAPD, pale and oedematous retina

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4
Q

Treatment for wet macular degeneration

A

Monoclonal antibodies to VEGF

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5
Q

Dangers and treatment of Orbital cellulitis?

A

Can cause compartment syndrome

If CT shows pus then release it + broad spectrum Abx

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6
Q

Pathophysiology of dry macular degeneration?

A

Build up of Drusen (metabolic byproducts of pigmented epithelium) that causes atrophic patches of retina because blocking nutrients from choroid

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7
Q

Risk factors for CRAO?

A

Carotid artery disease, emboli

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8
Q

What is chorioretinitis? (very rare)

A

Infection of choroid

Can be toxoplasma gondii from cats and dogs or toxocara which is a worm

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of wet macular degeneration?

A

Sudden vision loss, haemorrhages and exudate, rapid central vision loss and distortion

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10
Q

Difference between herpes and adenoviral keratitis?

A

Adenovirus is usually self limiting, follows an URTI

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11
Q

When do you get bacterial keratitis?

A

In a cornea with other pathology or contact lenses

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12
Q

Dangers and management of endopthalmitis?

A

Can cause really really quick vision loss!

Injection of vancomycin and topical antibiotics post surgery to prevent

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13
Q

What are the variants of CRAO?

A

Branched where only the area supplied by one affected artery is pale etc
Amaurosis fugax = transient darkening of vision like a curtain, may predict a stroke

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14
Q

What will compression of CNIII cause?

A

Abnormally dilated pupil in light
Ptosis
Eye will be looking down and out due to unopposed SO and LR

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15
Q

Treatment of ischaemic optic neuropathy due to GCA?

A

Steroids!

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16
Q

Treatment of dacrocystitis?

A

May need lacrimal sack removed

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of retinal detachment?

A

Flashing lights and floaters, RAPD, tear on ophthalmoscopy

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18
Q

What is endopthalmitis?

A

Infection of whole eye!

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19
Q

What may cause optic nerve circulation occlusion?

A

Giant cell arteritis

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20
Q

What will compression of optic nerve cause?

A

Papilloedema

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21
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

A

Infection of lacrimal sack that makes a stagnant pool of tears

22
Q

Treatment for dry macular degeneration?

A

Magnifiers

23
Q

What is CRAO?

A

Central retinal artery occlusion, a type of stroke

24
Q

Treatment for closed angle glaucoma?

A

Often emergency, zap holes in iris with laser to release pressure

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of CRVO?

A

Vision loss is variable

Dark retina, haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, dilated veins, disc swelling

26
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure in the subarachnoid space around optic nerve

27
Q

Treatment of herpes simples keratitis

A

NO STEROIDS as will melt cornea

Acyclovir

28
Q

Management of bacterial keratitis

A

Need admission! Hourly drops and daily review

Ofloxacin (type of quinolone)

29
Q

Differences between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis?

A

Viral has no nasty discharge, mostly self-limiting

30
Q

Causes of endopthalmitis?

A

Surgical but sometimes from endogenous infection eg endocarditis

31
Q

Pathophysiology of CRVO?

A

Atherosclerotic artery is hard and occludes vein next to it

32
Q

What class of drug can be used to treat glaucoma?

A

CA inhibitors

Less H+ and HCO3 made then less humour made then less pressure

33
Q

What does hyphaema indicate?

A

Trauma in further back of eye

34
Q

What will compression of CNIV cause?

A

Eye cannot move down and out

35
Q

What will compression of CNVI cause?

A

Unable to adduct eye

Eye will deviate medially

36
Q

What is it called when there is blood in anterior chamber?

A

Hyphaema

37
Q

Presentation of closed angle glaucoma?

A

Sudden vision loss, red eye, pain, headache, vomiting, dilated pupil

38
Q

Another name for Optic Nerve Circulation Occlusion?

A

Ischaemic optic neuropathy

39
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in ventricles

40
Q

Variants of CRVO?

A

Branched

41
Q

Pathophysiology of wet macular degeneration?

A

Growth of abnormal vessels from choroid up into retina then leak and scar

42
Q

What is it called when there is a fungal infection in contact lenses?

A

Acanthamoeba

43
Q

Signs of bacterial keratitis?

A

Hypopyon, white cornea

44
Q

Signs and symptoms of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Sudden and severe vision loss that is irreversible

Swollen optic nerve that is pale and blurry

45
Q

Signs and symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Sudden vision loss, floaters, loss of red reflex, haemorrhage on fundoscopy

46
Q

Causes of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Abnormal and fragile vessels in response to growth factors due to ischaemia eg diabetes
Retinal tear

47
Q

What is hypopyon? And what conditions can you get it in?

A

Layer of white cells in eye that looks like a meniscus

Bacterial keratitis

48
Q

Management of Chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Contact tracing, swab, topical oxytetracycline

49
Q

Indicators of Chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Not responding to treatment, young adults, vaginitis etc, rice grains under eyelids

50
Q

What is CRVO?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

GR Ophthalmology (5 decks)

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