Clinical Conditions

Question 1

What is a hydrocoele?

Answer 1

Hydrocoele is a collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis

Question 2

What is a Krukenberg tumour?

Answer 2

• A Krukenberg tumour is a metastatic gastrointestinal tumour within the ovaries
• It is often bilateral and usually from stomach

Question 3

What is a varicocoele?

Answer 3

Varicocoele is the gross dilation of veins draining the testes

Question 4

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

Answer 4

Sheehan’s syndrome is a state of postpartum hypopituitarism caused by ischaemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary gland due to blood loss and hypovolaemic shock during and after childbirth

Question 5

Briefly, what is genital warts?

Answer 5

Genital warts is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papilloma virus

Question 6

What is amenorhea?

Answer 6

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation

Question 7

What is vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia?

Answer 7

• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia involves atypical squamous cells within the epidermis (no invasion)
• It is an in situ precursor of vulval squamous cell carcinoma

Question 8

What is Lymphogranuloma venereum?

Answer 8

LGV is a sexually transmitted infection caused by C. trachomatis serotypes L1-3 and presents with a rapidly healing papule then inguinal bubo

Question 9

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

Answer 9

Iron deficiency anaemia is the reduction in the amount of healthy RBCs in blood due to a lack of iron

Question 10

What is menopause?

Answer 10

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation (12 consecutive months) with no associated physiological causes at the end of reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity

Question 11

What is oligomenorrhea?

Answer 11

Oligomenorrhoea is infrequent menstruation >35 days i.e. 4-9x per year

Question 12

What is Donovanosis?

Answer 12

Donovanosis is a tropical sexually transmitted infection presenting as genital nodules which progress to ulcers, caused by Klebsiella granulomatis

Question 13

Briefly, what is genital herpes?

Answer 13

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Herpes simplex virus (1&2)

Question 14

What is salpingitis?

Answer 14

Salpingitis is the inflammation and infection of the uterine tubes

Question 15

What is bacterial vaginosis?

Answer 15

• Bacterial vaginosis is a female genital tract infection which is not sexually transmitted
• It is the most common cause of abnormal discharge, odour and irritation in women of childbearing age

Question 16

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

Answer 16

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is the severe end of the spectrum of PMS with extreme mood symptom

Question 17

What is parametritis?

Answer 17

Parametritis is the inflammation of the uterine ligaments and parametrium (connective tissue adjacent to the uterus)

Question 18

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 18

• Pelvic inflammatory disease is the infection of the female upper genital tract which ascends from the endocervix
• It presents with endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess and/or pelvic peritonitis

Question 19

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 19

Menorrhagia is a complaint of excessive menstrual blood loss over consecutive cycles or >80 mls per menstruation

Question 20

Briefly, what is syphillus?

Answer 20

Syphillus is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the organism Treponema pallidum

Question 21

What is vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Answer 21

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a genital tract infection referring to vaginal and vulval symptoms caused by a yeast

Question 22

What is secondary amenorrhoea?

Answer 22

Secondary amenorrhoea is the cessation of previously normal menstruation for >/= 6 months

Question 23

What is a postpartum haemorrhage?

Answer 23

A postpartum haemorrhage is the loss of more than 500 ml of blood in the first 24 hours following childbirth

Question 24

What is a tubo-ovarian abscess?

Answer 24

• A tubo-ovarian abscess is an encapsulated pocket of puss which forms due to infection of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
• It is a late complication of PID and can be life-threatening if the abscess ruptures and results in sepsis

Question 25

What is pathological menopause?

Answer 25

**Pathological menopause** is the gradual/abrupt cessation of menstruation \< 40 years occur idiopathically (5% of women)

Question 26

What is Gestational diabetes?

Answer 26

- **Gestational diabetes** is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy due to insufficient insulin production for pregnancy demands - It commonly occurs in the second ½ of pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth

Question 27

What is primary infertility?

Answer 27

**Primary infertility** is when someone who has never conceived a child in the past has difficulty conceiving

Question 28

What is primary amenorrhoea?

Answer 28

**Primary amenorrhoea** is the failure to establish menstruation by 16 years

Question 29

What is endometritis?

Answer 29

**Endometritis** is the inflammation and infection of the endometrium lining of the uterus

Question 30

What is pseudomyoxoma peritonei?

Answer 30

- **Pseudomyxoma peritonei** is a condition caused by cancer cells (mucinous adenocarcinoma) which produce extensive mucinous ascites due to epithelial implants on peritoneal surfaces - There's frequent involvement of ovaries which can cause intestinal obstruction

Question 31

What is premenstrual syndrome?

Answer 31

- **PMS** is a cyclical disorder, occurring in latter half of the menstrual cycle - Symptoms could be physical or psychological and resolve with onset of menstruation

Question 32

What is scabies?

Answer 32

**Scabies** is a skin condition caused by an infestation of the human itch mite called Sarcoptes scabiei

Question 33

What is dysmenorrhea?

Answer 33

**Dysmenorrhoea** is pain during menses, associated with ovulatory cycles

Question 34

What is secondary dysmenorrhea?

Answer 34

**Secondary dysmenorrhea** is menstrual pain due to endometriosis or obstructed menses

Question 35

What is pre-eclampsia?

Answer 35

**Pre-eclampsia** is a rapidly progessive disorder occuring only during pregnancy and the postpartum period characterized by hypertension and usually the proteinuria

Question 36

What is a haematocoele?

Answer 36

**Haematocoele** is a collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis

Question 37

Briefly, what is chlamydia?

Answer 37

**Chlamydia** is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 38

What is Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia?

Answer 38

- **CIN** is a dysplasia of squamous cells within the cervical epithelium, induced by infection with high risk HPVs - Three stages: CN I mostly regresses spontaneously, some progress to CN II (in situe carcinoma) and 10% may progresses to an invasive carcinoma (2-10 years)

Question 39

What is subfertility?

Answer 39

**Subfertility** is the failure of conception in a couple having regular, unprotected coitus for one year

Question 40

What is chancroid?

Answer 40

**Chancroid** is a bacterial STD presenting as painful genital ulcers which are caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi

Question 41

What is oophoritis?

Answer 41

**Oophoritis** is the inflammation of the ovaries, often arising due to infection and often accompanied with salpingitis

Question 42

What is pelvic peritonitis?

Answer 42

**Pelvic peritonitis** is the inflammation and infection of the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdomen in the pelvic area, often occurring as a complication of salpingitis

Question 43

What is physiological menopause?

Answer 43

**Physiologic menopause** is the normal decline in ovarian function due to ageing (45 - 55), resulting in infrequent ovulation, decreased menstrual function and eventually cessation of menstruation

Question 44

What are pubic lice?

Answer 44

**Pubic lice** are small parasites (crab louse - Phthirus pubis) affecting the genital area

Question 45

What is primary dysmenorrhea?

Answer 45

**Primary dysmenorrhea** is idiopathic menstrual pain due to the response of the uterus to local prostaglandins, hence painful contractions

Question 46

What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

Answer 46

**DUB** is heavy and irregular menstrual bleeding that occurs secondary to anovulation

Question 47

Briefly, what is gonorrhea?

Answer 47

**Gonorrhea** is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrhea