Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is paralytic ileus?

A

Paralytic ileus is a condition wherein the intestine is obstructed due to the loss of GI contractility (paralysis of the intestinal muscles)

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2
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

Peptic ulcer disease is a condition which occurs when ulcers form and extend into the muscularis mucosae of the stomach due to defects in gastric/duodenal mucosa

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3
Q

What is an epigastric hernia?

A

An epigastric hernia is a type of hernia which occurs when abdominal contents go through the linea alba between xiphoid process-umbilicus

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4
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

An indirect inguinal hernia is a type of hernia where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring and passes through the canal to the superficial inguinal ring

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5
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Cirrhosis is a condition caused by liver fibrosis, producing a shrunken hard nodular liver

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6
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of clinical conditions which are characterised by the idiopathic inflammation of the GI tact and affect the overall function of the gut

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7
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder of the colons wherein a lack of myenteric and submucosal plexuses cause chronic constipation

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8
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Pyloric stenosis is the hypertrophy of the circular muscle in the region of the pyloric sphincter (not a recanalisation failure)

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9
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A
  • Chronic pancreatitis is rare condition caused by alchol abuse where repeated low grade pancreatitis causes pancreatic fibrosis
  • The pancreas becomes calcified and patients suffer severe epigastric and back pain that leads to opiate addiction and not infrequently suicide
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10
Q

What is acute cholecystitis?

A

Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, occurring when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct and commonly caused by E.coli

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11
Q

What is cholangitis?

A

Cholangitis is an infection in the bile ducts and a life-threatening complication of bile duct obstruction, commonly caused by E. Coli

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12
Q

What is a strangulated femoral hernia?

A

A strangulated femoral hernia is type of hernia which occurs when a femoral hernia blocks blood supply to part of the bowel

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13
Q

What is autoimmune gastritis?

A

Autoimmune gastritis is a clinical condition wherein the stomach lining is inflamed due to antibodies to gastric parietal cells

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14
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A
  • Gastroschisis is the failure of closure of the abdominal wall during the folding of the embryo
  • The gut tube & derivatives are outside the body cavitiy
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15
Q

What is bacterial gastritis?

A

Bacterial gastritis is a clinical condition wherein the stomach lining is inflamed commonly due to the H.pylori bacteria

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16
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Achalasia is a rare disorder of the oesophagus wherein the loss of contraction of oesophageal muscles leads to the failure of LOS to relax (open – dysphagia)

17
Q

What is biliary colic?

A
  • Biliary colic is pain in the right upper quadrant that radiates to the tip of the right scapula/right shouder
  • It is often precipitated by eating a fatty meal and lasts up to 6 hours
18
Q

What is a hernia?

A

A hernia is a protrusion of part of the abdominal contents beyond the normal confines of it containing cavity e.g abdominal wall

19
Q

What is Ulcerative colitis?

A

Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that where the large intestine and the rectum are severely inflamed

20
Q

What is Coeliac disease?

A

Coeliac disease is the intolerance of the gliadin fraction of gluten which is found in wheat, rye and barley and results in immune response

21
Q

What is an acquired infantile hernia?

A

An acquired infantile hernia is a type of umbilical hernia where the contents herniate through weakness in scar of umbilicus

22
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A
  • A direct inguinal hernia is a type of hernia where the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
  • It bulges through Hesselbach’s triangle and is in the vicinity of the superficial inguinal ring
23
Q

What is stomach cancer?

A

Stomach cancer is a condition which involves tumour formation in the stomach lining

24
Q

What is an acquired adult hernia?

A

An acquired adult hernia is a type of umbilical hernia where the contents go through the linea alba in region of umbilicus

25
Q

What is omphalocoele?

A

Omphalocoele is the persistence of physiological herniation with a thin tissue layer covering

26
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a condition when 1/more gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinoma) form in your pancreas and duodenum

27
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus

28
Q

What is acute pancreatitis?

A
  • Acute pancreatitis is a common condition arising from the premature activation of pancreatic proteases in the pancreas itself rather than in the duodenum
  • These proteases then autodigest the pancreas and the retroperitoneum
29
Q

What is indeterminate colitis?

A

Indeterminate colitis refers to the 10% of cases of inflammatory bowel disease where there is difficulty distinguishing between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

30
Q

What is xerostomia?

A
  • Xerostomia is the dryness of the mouth due to a change in the composition of saliva or reduced saliva in the mouth
  • It is associated with dehydration
31
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

A femoral hernia is a type of hernia which occurs just below the inguinal ligament, where abdominal contents pass through the femoral canal

32
Q

What is pancreatic cancer?

A
  • Pancreatic carcinoma is a condition resulting from the uncontrolled cell growth in the pancreas which metastasises to the rest of the body
  • Nearly all are ductal adenocarcinomas and most are in the head of the pancreas
33
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

Steatorrhea is the condition where undigested fat appears in faeces due to inadequate secretion of bile acids (salts) or pancreatic lipases

34
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A
  • Barrett’s oesophagus is the metaplasia of squamous epithelium to columnar
  • It increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma (30-40x)
35
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Gastritis is a condition involving the inflammation of the stomach lining

36
Q

What is GORD?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a digestive disorder that affects the lower oesophageal sphincter and causes the reflux of stomach acid/contents into the oesophagus