Clinical classifications

Question 1

Nephritic syndrome (nEPHHRRitic)

Answer 1

Edema

Proteinuria

Hematuria

Hypertension

Renal failure (acute, oliguria)

Retention of sodium, fluid

Question 2

Nephrotic syndrome (nePHrOtic)

Answer 2

Proteinuria of >3.5g/24hrs

Hyperlipidaemia and hyperlipiduria

Oedema

ALWAYS INDICATES GLOMERULAR DISORDER –> increased glomerular permeability to protein

Risks of nephrotic syndrome:

Thromboses (loss of coagulation factors)

Infections (Loss of Igs)

Muscle wasting (increased protein catabolism)

Question 3

Indications for renal bx

Answer 3

Nephrotic syndrome

Acute renal failure

Chronic renal failure

Haematuria

Proteinuria

Question 4

Renal bx emergencies

Answer 4

Transplant rejection

Acute renal failure

Nephrotic syndrome (e.g. renal vasculitis)

Question 5

Causes of nephrotic syndrome in:

Children

Adults

Answer 5

Children: Minimal change nephropathy (hardly ever biopsied)

Adults:

Membranous nephropathy

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Minimal change nephropathy

Most of these (adult) are due to diabetic glomerulopathy, lupus nephritis, amyloid