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Clinical Chemistry test 1 > Clinical Chemistry Unit 1/2 > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry Unit 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinical Chemistry can aid the health care professional in…

A
  • Determining the definitive diagnosis
  • Evaluating the severity of the disease (prognosis)
  • Monitoring the effectiveness of therapy
  • Screening for potential health risk
  • Provide insight as to the pathophysiology of the disease
  • In research
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2
Q

What are the steps of the patient care cycle?

A
  1. Patient is aware in state of health
  2. Examined by clinician
  3. Clinician seeks objective data.
  4. The lab
  5. diagnosis and treatment
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3
Q

What types of diagnosis are there?

A

Differential diagnosis, provisional diagnosis, definitive diagnosis

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4
Q

What is a differential diagnosis?

A

A differential diagnosis is a list of the most probable diseases that could give rise to a patients S&S

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5
Q

What is a provisional diagnosis?

A

A provisional diagnosis is the “best guess” based on pattern recognition and clinician experience

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6
Q

What is a definitive diagnosis?

A

A definitive diagnosis is established with data obtained from lab tests, biopsy, radiology

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7
Q

What is hematology?

A

The science which deals with the morphology of blood and blood-forming tissues.

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8
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The science that deals with the study of micro-organisms. Subsections include parasitology, virology, and mycology

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9
Q

What is Immunohematology?

A

The science that deals with blood components and blood typing for the purposes of transfusion.

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10
Q

What is histology?

A

The science that deals with the structure, composition and function of tissue at the cellular level.

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11
Q

What is cytology?

A

The science that deals with the study of cells, their origin and structure.

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12
Q

What quality assurance strategies/procedures are implemented in the laboratory to accept or reject a test result?

A

lab tests its machines regularly. A machine has to be running accurately for at least a month before it is used for diagnostic purposes.

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13
Q

What are the three phases of the testing cycle?

A

Pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical.

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14
Q

What is the pre-analytical phase?

A

Stuff you do to the client before it gets to the lab. container sample went into, the way you draw the blood, temperature its stored at, exposure to light, duration of transit,.

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15
Q

What is the Analytical phase?

A

The testing completed at the laboratory. Implement a quality control system for each test to monitor accuracy.
Evaluates the patient test results with other tests and any previous tests

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16
Q

What is the post analytical phase?

A

After the lab results have been received. Error is misinterpretation of results.

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17
Q

What is quality control?

A

The quality control system in clinical chemistry is the precesion, and accuracy of all of the analytical procedures

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18
Q

What is accuracy?

A

The accuracy of a method is established by comparing patient test results, performing recovery studies (linearity), and participating in external proficiency testing programs (Provincial regulation)

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19
Q

What is Precision?

A

Determined by analyzing the same control or controls by the same method over a determined period of time

20
Q

How large must a test number be?

A

no less than 100

21
Q

What are Discriminator Values?

A

Discriminator values are reference values determined by studying patient test results in a patient population with a specific disease.

22
Q

What is the “reference interval or range”?

A

A set of values of a certain type of quantity from an individual or group of individuals corresponding to a stated description.

23
Q

Explain the meaning of normal range as it relates to medical tests.

A

A normal range is established for tests that have numerical results. Normal range is defined by statistical methods to include 95% of test results in a population of healthy persons. It follows that 5% or healthy persons will have abnormal results.

24
Q

What is Sensitivity?

A

sensitivity = (TP/(TP+FN)) x100
Ability of the test to correctly ID those who have the disease. Gives you an idea about % of times that the test will give you a false negative.

25
Q

What is Specificity?

A

Specificity =(TN/(TN+FP)) x100

Ability of the test to correctly ID those who DO NOT have the disease. Gives you an idea on the false positive rate.

26
Q

What is the predictive value of a negative result?

A

=(TN/(TN+FN)) x 100

Refers to the % of negative test with true negative results (those people who DO NOT have the disease)

27
Q

What is the positive predictive value?

A

= (tp/(TP+FP))

% of positive tests with true positive results (those people who DO have the disease)

28
Q

What is the prevalence of disease?

A

= (TP+FN) / (TP+TN+FP+FN) x 100

Refers to the number of cases of a disease in a specified population at any given time.

29
Q

What does Incidence refer to?

A

The number of NEW cases in a specified population at any given time.

30
Q

What is the False Positive Rate?

A

(100 - Specificity)

= (FP / (TN + FP)) x 100

31
Q

What is the False Negative Rate?

A

(100 - sensitivity)

= (FN / (TP + FN)) x 100

32
Q

What is the efficiency of a test?

A

=((TP+TN) / (TP+TN+FP+FN)) x 100

Refers to the percentage of patients correctly classified by the test

33
Q

What is Baye’s formula?

A
  1. As prevalence increases, the positive predictive value increases and negative predictive value decreases.
  2. As prevalence decreases the positive predictive value goes up and the negative predictive value goes down.
  3. At any fixed prelalence
    - Raise in specificity = raise in positive predictive value
    - Raise in sensitivity = raise in negative predictive value
34
Q

The Predictive value of a test is affected by

A 
The chosen reference value (TP & FP will differ depending on the RV)
The prevalence (actual number of cases)
35
Q

What is the Likelihood Ratio? (LR)

A

The LR is another statistical formula to determine a discriminator value.
LR = Sensitivity / false positive rate.
This estimates the risk of disease as a function of test value

36
Q

What are Critical Values?

A

Critical values were designed to help the clinician in reaching a quick assessment in patient presenting with high clinical risk, and taking appropriate action. The term “decision” is synonymous to action values, panic values, vital values, and critical values.

37
Q

What is the difference between a quantitative test and a qualitative test?

A

A quantitative test contains actual numeric results. (bl glc, TSH, body temp) and rely of a reference range.
Qualitative tests are either positive or negative (HIV, Hepatitis)

38
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

building blocks, they have one sugar and are simple sugars, glucose is most important

39
Q

What are disaccharide’s?

A

2 sugars
sucrose (glucose/fructose), lactose(Glucose/Galactose, maltose(Glucose/Glucose are most important. They are converted to monosaccharides in Glt.

40
Q

What are polysaccarides?

A 
Many sugars (usually glucose), long, large, and branching chains
Starches = plant (amylose) and animal (glycogen)
Fibres = from plants - cellulose, pectin, gums
41
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Gycerol + 2 fatty acids + P-containing group
Polar, electrically charged mol
one end interacts with water, the other does not
found in cell membranes where they form a double layer

42
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

To transport fatty acids & cholesterol in blood

43
Q

Characteristics of RNA…

A

Single stranded
contains uracil instead of thymine
sugar is ribose
mostly in cytoplasm

44
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

The separation of proteins on the basis of charge.

45
Q

What is the function of Creatine Kinase?

A

To stabilize the available supply of ATP.

Clinical Chemistry test 1 (1 decks)

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