Clinical Chemistry Study Guide Flashcards
Explain what end-point photometric assay is
- Beers law states that there is a mathmatical relationship between absorbance and concentraion
1. Endpoint Photometric assay reactions are allowed to react until all reactant is depleted and the absorbance is stable (the reaction is complete)
*Used for all Tests on C side except electrolytes*
Explain what immunoassay is
how does it apply to our lab?
what sort of modification does the I side make to this?
how does the I side work?
- The I side and some Kit testing (RPR, rapid streps, etc.)
- the I side uses CMIA (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay
- paramagnetic microparticles are coated with capture molecules
- specific to the analyt being measured
- goes through a series of incupation and wash steps
- until the chemi luminesent acridinium labeled conjugate is added
- binds to the immune complex
- then a trigger solution is added that interacts with the conjugate and relases light
- paramagnetic microparticles are coated with capture molecules
electrochemistry
where is this done in the lab?
what is the principle behind it?
- Blood gas analyzer and ICT module
- ICT module-processes the C and I side uses to obtain milivolt readings from ref. sol. and then converts them to assay specific analyte concentrain
- Blood gas- (see Blood gas card)
Carbohydrates
- body’s main source of energy
- sugars
Glucose
where is it tested?
what is the referance range?
what is Glycolysis?
what hormones are related to glucose and how so they affect its concentration?
- tested on the c8000 and blood
- 70-99 mg/dl
- glycolysis- conversion of glucose into ATP(energy)
- insuline- primary hormone responsible for glucose uptake by cells(decrease)
- released when blood glucose is high
- Glucagon- hormone responsible for increasing plasma glucose
Glucose Tolerance Test
- mainly used for Gestational diabetes
- involves drawing a fasting blood specimen followed by ingestion of 75g oral dose of glucose w/ in a 5 min period
- blood specimen are taken at time intervals and tested for glucose
- nondiabetic- peak glucose at 30-60 min and drop after
- diabetic- peak glucose after 30-60 min and remain high
Lipids
What are they?
why are they important?
Why does the Lab Measure?
how does our lab run them?
- include fats, steriods and other fatty acids
- important for energy, cell structure and insulation (maintain body heat)
- evaluate dyslipidemia-(associated with antherosclerosis and CVD)
- All run on C-side
Cholesteral
what is it?
how is it transported?
how are these levels altered?
- is a sterol, that is an important constituent of cell membrains and precursor of hormones
- serum cholesterol is transported through blood by LDL and HDL
- genetic defects in the liver or by lack of apo B receptor
Triglycerides
what are they?
how are these altered?
- made of fatty acids and glycerol
- provides energy to cells as they lose there fatty acids and form ATP
- insulates organs through fat depositis
- mostly altered by diet but can be effected by diabetes or pancreatits
LDL
what is it ?
How is it calculated?
where does it go?
- Bad Lipoprotein serves as a transport vehicle for cholesterol
- calculated by Total Cholesterol-((HDL + Triglyceride)/5)
- moves Cholesteral from Liver to Tissue
HDL
what is it ?
How is it measured?
Where does it go?
what does it mean when its absent?
- Good Lipoprotien responisble for transporting Cholesterol
- involes percipitation of LDL and VLDL followed by measurement of HDL in supernatant
- from tissue to liver
- Tangier disease
Enzymes
where are they measured in the lab?
Produced by my many different tissues throughout the body
C side
Body Fluids?
any special precautions when preparing body fluids?
- carrasels should be capped when spin down (prevent airosals)
endocrinology (hormones)
what types of hormones are there (4) and what do they do?
what is the Master gland?
Releasing hormones – From the hypothalamus
•Promote secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Inhibitory hormones – from hypothalamus or GI tract
•Suppress secretion of specific hormones
Tropic hormones – stimulate the growth and activity of other endocrine glands
Effector hormones – hormones secreted by endocrine glands other than hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
endocrinology
TSH
type?
what organ releases it?
what does it do?
How is it regulated?
- Tropic Hormone
- released by anterior pituitary gland
- regulates production of T3 /T4 from thyroid
- negative feedback (^T3/T4)->(decrease TSH)
what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
- (more)
- What autoimmune disease causes a form Hypothyroidism?
- what autoimmune disease causes a form of Hyperthyroidism?
- Hashimoto’s Disease
- Grave’s Disease
Cortisol
what organ releases this?
what does it do?
- Adrenal
- it is responsible for metabolism,Stimulates Erythropoises Suppresses immune system, increases BP,
Cushings Syndrome
what is this?
what do you expect to be elevated?
- Hyperadrenalism
- ***Increase in Cortisol***
- increase in ACTH
Addison Disease
what is it?
what do you expect for lab results?
- Hypoadrenalsim
- decreased cortisol
- ***no cortisol produced in response to increase ACTH***
what are the Reporductive Hormones?
- FSH
- LH
- Testosterone
- Progesterone
- Estrogen
FSH and LH
what do they do (gender)?
where are they released?
- FSH In Men Induces Spermetogensis, LH Production of testosterone
- FSH In Women induces ovum growth, LH releas of Ovum
- Anterior Pituitary
co-oximetry
what is it/where is it found?
what does it do/used for?
- unit on blood gas analyzer that hemolyzes blood
- used for measuring
- hemoglobin
- carbonmonoxide
- Tbil
- calculating % Oxhemoglobin
TDM & Toxicology
what drugs are we testing for?
where are these run?
- mostly anticonvulsants
- run on I side
- include: gentamycin, tobramycin, (see scroll)
- barbriphenatol
- phenatoin
- (see scroll)
Vitamines
what vitamine do we run?
B12-folate
what body fluids are there?
CSF, Pleural, Peritoneal, Pericardial, Synovial, Amniotic, Seminal
PKU
what is it ?
what causes it?
- Inborn error of Metabolism
- resulting in a decreased metabolism in aminoacid phenylalanine
- caused by a mutation in the PAH gene
CF
what is it?
what causes it?
how can we test for it?
- genetic disorder resulting in frequent bacterial infections
- mutation in CFTR protein affecting the production of sweat and mucus
- sweat test
MSUD
what is it?
what causes it?
- metabolic disorder affecting branched chain aminoacids
- build up of aminoacids and biproducts ketoacids in sweat and urine
Nephelometry
what is it?
- a technique for detecting proteins in body fluids based on the tendency of proteins to scatter light in identifiable ways.
Turbidometry
what is it?
- used to measure the amount of turbidity based on light transmission of sample (light intesity reduction as it passes through sample)
Chromatography
what is it?
what is an example of this?
- term used for the seperation of mxtures by seperating them into phases
- example A1C analyzer (sample moves across a column at different rates)
immunodiffusion
what is it?
- a technique for detecting or measuring antibodies and antigens by their precipitation when diffused together through a gel or other medium
