Clinical Chemistry Part 1.1 Flashcards by Rachelle Tabura Rodriguez

What is the prefix and symbol for the following?

a. 10^1
b. 10^-1
c. 10^-2
d. 10^-3

a. deka (da)
b. deci (d)
c. centi (c)
d. milli (m)

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What is the prefix and symbol for the following?

a. 10^-6
b. 10^-9
c. 10^-12
d. 10^-15

a. micro (u)
b. nano (n)
c. Pico (P)
d. femto (f)

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What are the commonly used prefixes in expressing analyte concentrations?

milli, micro, nano, and pico

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What is the prefix used in expressing the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?

femto

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Convert. 1.0 L to uL.

1,000,000 uL

Note:
- L is a basic unit (including meter and gram), so the factor is 10^0.
- u has a factor of 10^6.
- To convert larger unit to smaller unit, get the difference of the exponents and move decimal to the right.
- If smaller unit to larger unit, move decimal to the left.

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Convert 5mL to uL.

5,000 uL

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Convert 5.3 mL to dL.

0.053 dL

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Convert 200 uL to mL.

0.2 mL

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Convert 0.00005 ng to pg.

0.5 pg

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2500 pmol to mmol.

0.000002500 or 0.0000025

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0.4 um to m

0.0000004

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moles per L of solution

Molarity

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moles per kg solvent

Molality

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equivalent weights per L of solution

Normality

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the amount of solute per 100 total units of solution

% w/v

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volume of sample divided by total volume of solution; expression of relative concentration

Dilution

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amount of something relative to
another; expressed as part per part or part per whole

Ratio

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

mg/dL to mmol/L

a. Glucose
b. Urea
c. BUN
d. Uric acid

a. 0.0555
b. 0.167
c. 0.357
d. 0.0595

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

mg/dL to mmol/L

a. Cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C
b. Triglyceride
c. Calcium
d. Magnesium

a. 0.026
b. 0.0113
c. 0.25
d. 0.417

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

mg/dL to mmol/L

a. Phosphorus
b. Lactate

a. 0.323
b. 0.111

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

mEq/dL to mmol/L

a. Ca2+, Mg2+
b. Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-

a. 0.5
b. 1

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

mg/dL to umol/L

a. Creatinine
b. Bilirubin

a. 88.4
b. 17.1

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What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

ug/dL to umol/L

a. Ammonia
b. Iron
c. Cortisol

a. 0.588
b. 0.179
c. 0.0276

What is the conversion factor for the following analyte?

ug/dL to nmol/L

a. T4
b. T3
c. Folic Acid

a. 12.9
b. 0.0154
c. 2.27

What is the conversion factor for the following analyte? pg/dL to pmol/L a. Vitamin B12

a. 0.738

What is the conversion factor for Proteins (TPAG), g/dL to g/L?

known as the nitrogen content of urea

BUN

average or arithmetic mean

Mean

midpoint of a data set after the values have been RANK-ORDERED

Median

midpoint of a data set after the values have been RANK-ORDERED

Median

most frequently occurring value in a data set

Mode

What are the measures of central tendency?

mean, median, mode

distribution of data points around the mean

Standard Deviation (s)

Summation of the squares of the differences between the mean and its observation divided by the total number of observations minus one degree of freedom.

Variance (s^2)

best indicator of precision; expressed in percent

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set; most unreliable when outliers are present

Range

What are the measures of distribution/spread/variability?

standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, range

Values that deviate greatly from the mean

Outliers

What is the relation between CV and precision?

They are inversely related, in which high precision equates to low CV. The lower the CV, the higher the precision.

What is the empirical rule in Gaussian or Normal Distribution?

68-95-99.7 Note: - 68% of the values fall in +/- 1 SD - 95% of the values fall in +/- 2 SD - 99.7% of the values fall in +/- 3 SD

When verifying a reference interval, at least _____ study individuals are required; RI is adopted if _____ of the subjects fall outside the range.

20; less than or equal 10%

What do we do if there is no existing reference interval for an analyte or when transference studies fail?

establish a reference interval

In establishing a reference interval at least ______ study individuals are required.

120

→ First step in method evaluation; usually done by running two controls materials twice a day over a 10-day period. → Also known as 2x2x10

Precision Study

→ Involves spiking a sample with a known amount of an analyte and determining how much of it can be detected by the method in presence of another compound in the matrix.

Recovery Study

Compares the means of two groups of data or the accuracy of the two methods.

T-test

Compares the standard deviation of two groups of data or the precision of two methods.

F-test

→ Used to compare two methods using the best fit line through the data points. → X = independent variable/ reference method → Y = dependent variable/ new method

Linear regression

→ Ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte. → Not prone to false negative; desired in screening test

Analytical Sensitivity

→ Ability of a method to detect only the analyte of interest. → Not prone to false positive; desired in confirmatory test

Analytical specificity

Ability to detect the presence of a given disease or condition.

Diagnostic Sensitivity

Ability to detect the absence of a given disease or condition.

Diagnostic Specificity

Probability that a positive result indicates disease or presence of a disease or condition.

Positive Predictive Value

Probability that a negative result indicates absence of a disease or condition

Negative Predictive Value

PPV, NPV, Specificity, Sensitivity Problems (see link)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-dXEKR8Z3-b8f75xuOjcOFiSv5tHVwj9/view?usp=sharing

It is important to know and understand the clinical implications of the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests. The Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is one example. This test has a sensitivity of 86% but a specificity of only 33%. What is the implication of having these results?

https://drive.google.com/file/d/12JIQ10I3s4K1KmY89N806ZmyOszVHmP5/view?usp=sharing

What is the implication of having an 80% Positive Predictive Value and a 70% Negative Predictive Value?

https://drive.google.com/file/d/12JIQ10I3s4K1KmY89N806ZmyOszVHmP5/view?usp=sharing

Clinical Chemistry Part 1.1 Flashcards

Basic Principles to Laboratory Statistics