CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (Lecture from Sept. 23, 2024)

Question 1

Quality Control

Answer 1

Quality control is the process of monitoring and evaluating the performance of laboratory tests by using control materials and observing their results over time. This ensures that any analytical errors, such as inaccuracies or imperfections, are detected and corrected to maintain the reliability and accuracy of test results.

Question 2

What is the role of quality control in a GcTest log?

Answer 2

Quality control involves observing values and control materials over time to identify analytical errors, such as inaccuracy and imperfections.

Question 3

SHEWHART LEVEY-JENNINGS CHART

Answer 3

A control chart used in labs to monitor test stability over time, with data points plotted against control limits (±1, ±2, ±3 standard deviations).

Question 4

Why is the Shewhart Levey-Jennings chart widely used?

Answer 4

It is the most widely used tool for identifying random and systematic errors.

Question 5

What does the Shewhart Levey-Jennings chart allow technicians to do?

Answer 5

It allows technicians to apply multiple control rules without needing computer assistance.

Question 6

WESTGARD CONTROL RULES INTERPRETATION

Answer 6

A set of statistical rules applied to Levey-Jennings charts to detect out-of-control conditions in lab tests, ensuring accuracy.

Question 7

What does the 12s rule indicate in Westgard control rules?

Answer 7

12s is a warning signal.

Question 8

What does the 13s rule and the R4s rule represent?

Answer 8

13s and R4s represent random errors.

Question 9

What do the other Westgard rules signify?

Answer 9

They signify systematic errors and are used for rejecting results.

Question 10

Sensitivity vs Specificity

Question 11

What does sensitivity measure in diagnostic testing?

Answer 11

Sensitivity measures the ability to detect the lowest amount of a substance, resulting in a positive test result.

Question 12

What does specificity measure in diagnostic testing?

Answer 12

Specificity measures the ability to detect a specific substance, excluding other substances, resulting in a negative test result.

Question 13

Carbohydrate Digestion

Answer 13

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and is then used for energy extraction.

Question 13

What happens to carbohydrates during digestion?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and is then used for energy extraction.

Question 14

Glycemic Terms

Answer 14

Terms related to blood glucose levels, including hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and euglycemia (normal blood sugar).

Question 15

What is the meaning of hyperglycemia?

Answer 15

Hyperglycemia means high blood sugar levels.

Question 16

What is the meaning of normoglycemia?

Answer 16

Normoglycemia means normal blood sugar levels.

Question 17

What is the meaning of hypoglycemia?

Answer 17

Hypoglycemia means low blood sugar levels.

Question 17

Control Chart Signals

Question 18

What does a trend indicate in a control chart?

Answer 18

A trend indicates a consistent upward or downward movement in the data points over time.

Question 19

What does a shift represent in a control chart?

Answer 19

A shift represents a sudden change in the data points that stays stable thereafter.

Question 20

What does an outlier in a control chart mean?

Answer 20

An outlier is a data point that falls significantly outside the expected or acceptable range.

Question 21

How is diagnostic specificity calculated?

Answer 21

Diagnostic sensitivity is calculated by multiplying the true negatives amount by the false positives amount, then dividing by the true negatives amount.

Question 22

How is diagnostic sensitivity calculated?

Answer 22

Diagnostic sensitivity is calculated by multiplying the true positive amount by the false negative amount, then dividing by the true positive amount.