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ASCP Review > Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Measures of Center

A

Mean, Median, Mode

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2
Q

Measures of Spread

A

Range, Standard Deviation (SD), Coefficient of Variation (CV)

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3
Q

Range

A

The easiest measure of spread

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4
Q

The smaller the %CV, the ______ the precision

A

greater

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5
Q

Measures of Shape

A

Gaussian distribution a.k.a Normal Distribution

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6
Q

Distribution is symmetric. The symmetrical shape often called a?

A

Bell Curve

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7
Q

_______ of the data fall between ±1SD

A

68.3%

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8
Q

_______ of the data fall between ±2SD

A

95.4%

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9
Q

_______ of the data fall between ±3SD

A

99.7%

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10
Q

T Test

A

Accuracy, Means

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11
Q

F Test

A

Precision, SD

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12
Q

The ability of a method to detect small quantities of an analyte.

A

Analytical Sensitivity

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13
Q

The ability of a method to detect only the analyte it is designed to determine.

A

Analytical Specificity

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14
Q

The ability of a test to detect a given disease or condition.

A

Diagnostic Sensitivity

TP)/(TP+FN

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15
Q

The ability of a test to correctly identify the absence of a given disease or condition.

A

Diagnostic Specificity

TN)/(TN+FP

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16
Q

Chance of an individual having a given disease/condition if the test is abnormal.

A

Positive Predictive Value

TP)/(TP+FP

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17
Q

Change of an individual does not have a given disease or condition if the test is within the reference range.

A

Negative Predictive Value

TN)/(TN+FN

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18
Q

1 control exceeds ±2s from the mean.

A

1:2S

Indicates testing of other values. If no violation of other rules, run is considered in control

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19
Q

1 control exceeds ±3s from the mean.

A

1:3S

Random, Reject

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20
Q

2 consecutive controls exceed 2s from the mean on the same side.

A

2:2S

Systematic, Reject

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21
Q

2 consecutive controls differ by 4s.

A

R:4S

Random, Reject

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22
Q

4 consecutive controls exceed 1s from the mean on the same side.

A

4:1S

Systematic, Reject

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23
Q

10 consecutive controls on the same side of the mean.

A

10:x

Systematic, Reject

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24
Q

The method used to validate a particular measurement process.

A

Proficiency Test

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25
Q

Specimens that have known concentrations of an analyte for the test of interest.

A

Proficiency Samples

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26
Q

The gradual change in the analytic process.

A

Trend

Values for the control either increase/decrease over a period of 6 consecutive days.

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27
Q

The abrupt change in the analytic process.

A

Shift
6 or more consecutive daily values that distribute themselves on one side of the mean value line, but maintain a constant level.

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28
Q

The main cause of Trend.

A

Deterioration of reagents

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29
Q

The main cause of Shift.

A

Improper calibration of an instrument

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30
Q

Developed the Standard System for the identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials

A

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

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31
Q

Color of Health Hazard

A

Blue

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32
Q

Color of Fire Hazard

A

Red

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33
Q

Color of Reactivity

A

Yellow

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34
Q

Color of Specific Hazard

A

White

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35
Q

Meaning of RACE

A

Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish

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36
Q

Meaning of PASS

A

Pull pin
Aim nozzle at the base of the fire
Squeeze trigger
Sweep nozzle side to side

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37
Q

Class of FIRE

Ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth, etc.

A

CLASS A

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38
Q

Class of FIRE

Flammable liquids: gasoline, paints, etc.

A

CLASS B

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39
Q

Class of FIRE

Electrical equipment: motors, switches

A

CLASS C

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40
Q

Class of FIRE

Flammable metals: Mg

A

CLASS D

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41
Q

Class of FIRE

Arsenal Fire

A

CLASS E

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42
Q

Type of Extinguisher of Class A

A

Pressurized water, dry chemical (PASS)

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43
Q

Type of Extinguisher of Class B

A

Dry Chemical, CO2 (PASS)

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44
Q

Type of Extinguisher of Class C

A

Dry Chemical, CO2, Halon (PASS)

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45
Q

Type of Extinguisher of Class D

A

Metal X (Cover burning material with the extinguishing agent)

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46
Q

Type of Extinguisher of Class E

A

Cannot be extinguished

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47
Q

Abnormally high urea nitrogen in the blood

A

Uremia

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48
Q

Significant increase in the plasma concentrations of UREA and CREATININE

A

Azotemia

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49
Q

Result of poor perfusion of the kidneys and therefore diminished glomerular filtration; kidneys are normal

A

Pre-renal Azotemia

50
Q

Caused primarily by diminished glomerular filtration as a consequence of acute or chronic renal disease

A

Renal Azotemia

51
Q

Usually the result of any type of obstruction in which urea is reabsorbed into the circulation

A

Post-renal Azotemia

52
Q

Evelyn-Malloy

A

pH: Acid
Dissociating agent: Methanol
Diazo product: Red/Reddish-purple color (max. absorbance at 560nm)

53
Q

Jendrassik-Grof

A

pH: Alkaline
Dissociating agent: Caffeine-sodium benzoate
Diazo product: Blue (max. absorbance at 600nm)

54
Q

Causes of increased serum B1

A

Hemolytic anemias
Newborns
Hereditary alteration of the rate of conversion
Medications

55
Q

Causes of increased serum B2

A

Bile duct obstruction
Some cases of hepatitis
Medications

56
Q

Causes of increased serum B1 and B2

57
Q

Electrophoresis

Gamma Spike

A

Multiple Myeloma

58
Q

Electrophoresis

Deficient in alpha-1 globulin (AAT)

A

Pulmonary Emphysema

59
Q

Electrophoresis

A2 globulin band spike

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

60
Q

Electrophoresis

alpha-1 globulin flat curve

A

Juvenile Cirrhosis (AAT Deficiency)

61
Q

Electrophoresis

Spikes in alpha-1, alpha-2, beta

A

Inflammation

62
Q

Electrophoresis

Beta-Gamma Bridging

A

Hepatic Cirrhosis

63
Q

4 major lipoprotein classes

A

Chylomicrons (CMs)
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDLs)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDLs)
High-density lipoprotein (HDLs)

64
Q

Lipoprotein Electrophoresis

From the origin

A

CMs - LDL (beta) - VLDL (pre-beta) - HDL (alpha)

65
Q

Lipoprotein electrophoretograms are usually visualized with a lipid-staining dye such as?

A

OIL RED O
FAT RED 7B
SUDAN BLACK B

66
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Extremely elevated TG due to the presence of CMs

67
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Elevated LDL

68
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Elevated LDL, VLDL

69
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Elevated cholesterol, TG with the presence of beta-VLDL

70
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Elevated VLDL

71
Q

Lipoprotein Pattern

Elevated VLDL, and presence of CMs

72
Q

FRIEDEWALD FORMULA

A

TAG in mg/dl
[LDL] = [Total cholesterol] - [HDL] - [Plasma TAG]/5

TAG in mmol/L
[LDL] = [Total cholesterol] - [HDL] - [Plasma TAG]/2.175

73
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Acid phosphatase (ACP)
A

Prostate carcinoma

74
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
A

Hepatic disorder

75
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Aldolase (ALD)

A

Skeletal muscle disorder

76
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
A

Hepatic disorder

Bone disorder

77
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Amylase (AMS)

A

Acute pancreatitis

78
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

Blood pressure regulation

79
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
A

Myocardial infarction
Hepatic disorder
Skeletal muscle disorder

80
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Chymotrypsin (CHY)

A

Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency

81
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Creatine kinase (CK)
A

Myocardial infarction

Skeletal muscle disorder

82
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Elastase-1 (E1)

A

Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency

83
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

A

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia

84
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD)
A

Hepatic disorder

85
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

A

Hepatic disorder

86
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)

A

Hepatic disorder

87
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Glycogen phosphorylase (GP)
A

Acute myocardial infarction

88
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
A

Myocardial infarction
Hepatic disorder
Hemolysis
Carcinoma

89
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Lipase (LPS)

A

Acute pancreatitis

90
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

5’-Nucleotidase

A

Hepatic disorder

91
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Pseudocholinesterase (PChE)

A

Organophosphate poisoning
Genetic variants
Hepatic disorder
Suxamethonium sensitivity

92
Q 
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Pyruvate kinase (PK)
A

Hemolytic anemia

93
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Trypsin (TRY)

A

Acute pancreatitis

94
Q

Causes an increased sensitivity to certain muscle relaxants, called choline esters

A

Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency

95
Q

Affected individuals can suffer from PROLONGED APNEA and MUSCLE PARALYSIS following administration of muscle relaxant drugs

A

Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency

96
Q

SODIUM normal range in serum/plasma

A

136-145 mmol/L

97
Q

OSMOLALITY FORMULA

A

Osmolality = 2Na + (Glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

Osmolality = 1.86Na + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) (+ 9 BISHOP)

98
Q

POTASSIUM normal range in serum/plasma

A

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

99
Q

CHLORIDE normal range in serum/plasma

A

98-107 mmol/L

100
Q

BICARBONATE normal range in serum/plasma

A

CO2, venous

23-29 mmol/L

101
Q

May be therapeutically used with PREECLAMPSIA, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A

MgSO4 (Magnesium sulfate)

102
Q

______ is a vasodilator and can decrease uterine hyperactivity in eclamptic states and increase uterine blood flow.

A

Mg2+ (Magnesium)

103
Q

Differential diagnosis of high anion gap acidosis

A 
M - methanol
U - uremia
D - diabetic ketoacidosis
P - paraldehyde
I - iron, inhalants 
L - lactic acidosis
E - ethylene glycol, ethanol ketoacidosis
S - salicylates, starvation ketoacidosis, sympathomimetics
104
Q

Differential diagnosis of decreased anion gap

A
  1. Hypoalbuminemia

2. Severe hypercalcemia

105
Q

Increased pH, Decreased pO2

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

106
Q

Decreased pH, Increased pO2

A

Respiratory Acidosis

107
Q

Decreased pH, Decreased HCO3

A

Metabolic Acidosis

108
Q

Increased pH, Increased HCO3

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

109
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • The most abundant hormone of the anterior pituitary gland
  • Major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body
  • Protein synthesis, cell growth, and division

Increased GH - Gigantism, acromegaly
Decreased GH - Dwarfism

110
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to release its hormones

Diurnal variation: highest in early AM, lowest in the late afternoon

Increased ACTH - Cushing’s Disease

111
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Beginning at puberty stimulates follicle development and estrogen production by female ovaries; promotes sperm production in males

Sharp increase - just before ovulation
Decrease sterility in both male and female

112
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Beginning at puberty stimulates ovulation, converts ruptured ovarian follicle to a corpus luteum, and causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone; stimulates male testes to produce testosterone

113
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates production of breast milk

114
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

Increased TSH - hypothyroidism
Decreased TSH - hyperthyroidism

115
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

A 
GH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
TSH
116
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

Oxytocin

117
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Causes kidney tubule cells to reabsorb and conserve body water and increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles

  • produced in the Hypothalamus
  • stored in the posterior pituitary
  • release stimulated by increased osmolality, decrease blood volume, or BP
  • decrease in Diabetes insipidus
118
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released in significant amounts only during childbirth and in nursing women

Uterine contractions during childbirth, lactation

  • produced in the Hypothalamus
  • stored in the posterior pituitary
119
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

120
Q

T4

A

Metabolism, growth, and development

  • principle thyroid hormone;
  • regulated by TSH
  • decreased T4 = Cretinism in children
121
Q

T3

A

Metabolism, growth, and development

  • more potent than T4
  • regulated by TSH
122
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibition of Ca2+ resorption

  • Important in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer

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