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MedTech Junior > Clinical Bacteriology - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Clinical Bacteriology - Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Microbiology and First describe bacteria in 1677 with use of simple
microscope utilizing crude lenses

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Developed compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

Year when compound microscope developed

A

1676

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4
Q

Formulated Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) Theory

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and proved that life must arise from pre-existing life

A

Francesco Redi, Pasteur and Tyndall

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6
Q

Life must arise from pre-existing life, referred
to as?

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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7
Q

Life could develop spontaneously from
decomposing, non-living material

A

Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
Theory

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8
Q

Who first proposed the Theory of Biogenesis?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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9
Q

Able to filter microorganisms from the air and
concluded that this was the source of contamination

A

Louise Pasteur

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10
Q

Formulated Germ Theory Disease

A

Louise Pasteur

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11
Q

States that each specific infectious disease is
caused by specific microorganism

A

Germ Theory Disease

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12
Q

Proved that dust carried germs

A

John Tyndall

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13
Q

bacterial pores could be killed by
successive heating

A

Tyndallization

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14
Q

Postulated in the 13th century that disease were caused by invisible living creatures called germs

A

Roger Bacon

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15
Q

Introduced aseptic surgery by demonstrating value of spraying operating rooms with aqueous phenol

A

Joseph Lister

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16
Q

Developed first pure culture technique

A

Joseph Lister

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17
Q

Year when Robert Koch established etiologic role of bacteria by anthrax by isolating it in pure culture and transmitted disease to mice

A

1876

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18
Q

Year when Robert Koch discovered tubercle bacillus

A

1882

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19
Q

Formulated criteria that provided proof that a
specific bacterium caused a disease and is referred as?

A

Koch’s Postulates

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20
Q

Causative agent must NOT be present in every case of disease and must present in healthy animals. True or False?

A

False

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21
Q

Branch of Biology that deals with study of microbes

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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22
Q

obligate intracellular parasites that
contain either RNA or DNA and these proteins
are enclosed by capsid

A

Viruses/Virus

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23
Q

Study of viruses

A

Virology

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24
Q

Study of fungi

A

Mycology

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25
Q

Fungi can exist in yeast or mold; if they exist in both forms, they are said to be?

A

Dimorphic

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26
Q

Fungi doesn’t have both sexual and asexual
reproduction. True or False?

A

False

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27
Q

What does the growth cycle of fungi consists of?

A

Vegetative and Reproductive phase

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28
Q

Study of cells, molecules, and mechanisms
responsible for immunity

A

Immunology

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29
Q

Study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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30
Q

are minute unicellular organisms that have all necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self-multiplication at the expense of available foodstuffs

A

Bacteria

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31
Q

Bacteria do not have sexual growth cycle but some produce asexual pores. True or False?

A

True

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32
Q

Area of biologic science comprising 3 districts but highly interrelated disciplines that include
classification, nomenclature, and identification

A

MICROBIAL TAXONOMY

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33
Q

Organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or TAXA

A

CLASSIFICATION

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34
Q

most basic taxonomic group and may be defined as collection of bacterial strains

A

Species

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35
Q

subgroups within a species

A

subspecies

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36
Q

designation given to groups below the subspecies level that share specific but relatively minor characteristics (3)

A

Biotype, serotype, phagotype

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37
Q

comprised of different species that have
several important features in common but differ sufficiently to still maintain their status as individual species

A

Genus

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38
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to
established rules and guidelines provided the accepted labels by which organisms are
universally recognized

A

NOMENCLATURE

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39
Q

Binomial System

A

Nomenclature

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40
Q

Process by which microorganism’s key features are delineated

A

IDENTIFICATION

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41
Q

Relate to organism’s
genetic make-up
including the nature of
organism’s genes and
constituent acids

A

GENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS

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42
Q

based on features beyond genetic level
and includes readily
observable
characteristics

A

PHENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTCS

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43
Q

DNA is comprised of how many bases?

A

4 bases

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44
Q

Extent to which DNA of 2 organisms is made up of ____________________ relative to their base
content can be used as an indicator or relatedness

A

cytosine & guanine (C + G)

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45
Q

Order of bases along strand of DNA/RNA

A

Nucleic Acid Base Sequence

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46
Q

In the method of NUCLEIC ACID
HYBRIDIZATION, the greater the degree of ______________, the
greater is the degree of ______________.

A

hybridization; relatedness

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47
Q

it is the size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular
appendages, arrangement of cells of Phenotypic Characteristics.

A

Microscopic Morphology

48
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to reproducibly stain particular
color with application of specific dyes and reagents

A

Staining Characteristics

49
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to grow at various temperatures
in presence of O2 and other gases, at various pH levels or in presence of ions and salts like NaCl

A

Environmental Requirements

50
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organisms to utilize various C and N2
sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environment conditions

A

Nutritional Requirements

51
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) characteristics of microbial growth patterns on
artificial media as observed when inspected with unaided eye

A

Macroscopic Morphology

52
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of molecular constituents of cell that are typical for particular taxon, or organism group by
various analytical methods

A

Subcellular Properties

53
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) exhibition of characteristics inherent resistance to
specific antibiotics, heavy metals, or toxins by
certain microorganisms

A

Resistance Profiles

54
Q

(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of profiles of microorganism by
various serologic and immunologic methods that are useful for determining relatedness among various
microbial groups

A

Antigenic Properties

55
Q

undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form the specialized tissues and organ systems of
higher plants and animals

A

PROTISTS

56
Q

Higher protists

A

EUKARYOTES

57
Q

Contains membrane enclosed organelles
that have specific
cellular functions and
histones

A

EUKARYOTES

58
Q

Have cytoskeleton
which provides support
for different organelles

A

EUKARYOTES

59
Q

lower protists

A

PROKARYOTES

60
Q

have no organelles,
histones

A

PROKARYOTES

61
Q

have cell wall composed
of peptidoglycan with
muramic acid

A

PROKARYOTES

62
Q

In Microscopic Morphology of shapes and arrangements, what are the 3 Morphological categories?

A

Cocci, Bacilli, Spiral organisms

63
Q

spherical cells

A

Cocci/Coccus

64
Q

rod-shaped cells

A

Bacilli/Bacillus

65
Q

some bacteria are f__________ as they
tend to form long strands composed of many cells.

A

Filamentous

66
Q

few bacteria that changes their shapes

A

PLEMORPHIC

67
Q

cocci in pairs; divided in single plane

A

Diplococci

68
Q

cocci in chains; divided in single plane

A

Streptococci

69
Q

cocci in grape-like appearance, divided in 2 or more planes

A

Staphylococci

70
Q

cocci in groups of four

A

Tetrads

71
Q

group of 8 or more cells

A

Sarcina

72
Q

bacilli in pair, either slipping (side by side)
or snapping (V-shape)

A

Diplobacilli

73
Q

bacilli in chain

A

Streptobacilli

74
Q

either singly or in pair, thick and plump

A

Coccobacilli

75
Q

comma-shaped

A

Vibrio

76
Q

Maybe regarded as bacillary forms twisted in the form of helix

A

Spiral Forms

77
Q

long axis is rigid in motion

A

Spirillum

78
Q

µ

A

micro

79
Q

µm

A

micrometer

80
Q

size of Cocci

A

0.4 – 2.0 µm

81
Q

size of Bacilli

A

0.2- 4.0 µm in width by 0.5–20 µm in length

82
Q

length of spirals

A

1-14 µm in length

83
Q

A type of microscope that visible light passes through specimen and then through series of lenses that reflect light in a manner that results in magnification of organism present in
specimen

A

Brightfield Microscopy

84
Q

fungi, most parasites, and most bacteria are
visualized using brightfield microscope; NOT SUFFICIENT for
observing viruses. TRUE or FALSE?

A

True

85
Q

Fills the space between objective lens and
glass slide where specimen is affixed and Enhances resolution by preventing light rays
from dispersing and changing wavelengths
after passing through the specimen.

A

Oil Immersion

86
Q

Needed to make objects stand out from
background

A

Contrast

87
Q

can be raised to higher energy
level after absorbing UV (excitation) light

A

Fluors/ fluorochromes

88
Q

where color of fluorescent light depends on the dye and light filters used.

A

fluorescence

89
Q

Fluorescent dye is used alone

A

Fluorochroming

90
Q

A type of microscope that contrast is achieved without the use of stains

A

Phase Contrast Microscopy

91
Q

What is the advantage of Phase Contrast Microscopy?

A

permit observation of viable
microorganisms

92
Q

A type of microscope that the condenser does not allow light to pass directly through specimen but directs light to hit the
specimen at oblique angle

A

Darkfield Microscopy

93
Q

A type of microscope that uses electron beam instead of light to visualize small
objects

A

Electron Microscopy

94
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

transmission and scanning

95
Q

Passes electron beams through object and allows visualization of internal structures

A

TRANSMISSION EM

96
Q

It is a technique for microscopic study of microorganisms Used for detection of motile bacteria

A

Direct Wet Mount Preparation

97
Q

Electron beams are used to scan the surface of object and provide three dimensional view of surface structures

A

SCANNING EM

98
Q

Direct Wet Mount Preparation is best viewed through?

A

Dark field and Phase Contrast
microscope

99
Q

What is the advantage of Hanging Drop Preparation?

A

Morphology is less distorted and motility
is better appreciated

100
Q

A dye so dilute that it cannot exert any toxic effect or inhibitory action on the cell is employed

A

Intravital Staining

101
Q

Either direct clinical specimen or samples of growth from cultures and MOST USEFUL method for presumptive identification of bacteria and presence of certain viruses and for the definitive identification of most parasites and fungi

A

Fixed Stained State

102
Q

Preserve morphology of bacteria and Allow smear to adhere on to slide

A

Air Drying

103
Q

Coloring the microorganism with dye that
emphasizes certain structures

A

Staining

104
Q

What are the types of stains?

A

simple, differential, and
special staining

105
Q

Employ single dye, most commonly methylene blue, crystal violet, carbol fuchsin, or safranin. Most cells and most structures within each cell will stain with the same hue

A

Simple Stains

106
Q

organisms are stained

A

Positive Staining

107
Q

background is stained, not
the organism

A

Negative Staining

108
Q

Consists of adding more than one dye added in several steps and the stained structures are
differentiated by color, as well as shape

A

Differential Stains

109
Q

Used to color and isolate specific parts of
microorganims

A

Special Stains

110
Q

It is one of the most useful and most generally applied and First devised by Dr. Hans Christian Gram in 1884

A

GRAM STAIN

111
Q

Can be use effectively to divide all bacterial species into 2 large groups. What are they?

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative.

112
Q

Those that retain primary stain and deep violet in color

A

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

113
Q

ALL COCCI are GRAM (+) except:

A

Neisseria group, Moraxella (Branhamella)
catarrhalis, and Veillonella

114
Q

Those that are decolorized and retains
counterstain ; Pink or red in color

A

GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA

115
Q

ALL BACILLI are GRAM (-)
except:

A

acid fast organisms (Mycobacterium, Nocardia), sporeformers (Bacillus,
Clostridium), and Corynebacterium
species

116
Q

SPIRALS are difficult to stain BUT WHEN
STAINED, THEY ARE _________

A

GRAM NEGATIVE

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