Clinical Bacteriology - Chapter 1 Flashcards
Father of Microbiology and First describe bacteria in 1677 with use of simple
microscope utilizing crude lenses
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Developed compound microscope
Robert Hooke
Year when compound microscope developed
1676
Formulated Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) Theory
Robert Hooke
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and proved that life must arise from pre-existing life
Francesco Redi, Pasteur and Tyndall
Life must arise from pre-existing life, referred
to as?
Theory of Biogenesis
Life could develop spontaneously from
decomposing, non-living material
Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
Theory
Who first proposed the Theory of Biogenesis?
Rudolf Virchow
Able to filter microorganisms from the air and
concluded that this was the source of contamination
Louise Pasteur
Formulated Germ Theory Disease
Louise Pasteur
States that each specific infectious disease is
caused by specific microorganism
Germ Theory Disease
Proved that dust carried germs
John Tyndall
bacterial pores could be killed by
successive heating
Tyndallization
Postulated in the 13th century that disease were caused by invisible living creatures called germs
Roger Bacon
Introduced aseptic surgery by demonstrating value of spraying operating rooms with aqueous phenol
Joseph Lister
Developed first pure culture technique
Joseph Lister
Year when Robert Koch established etiologic role of bacteria by anthrax by isolating it in pure culture and transmitted disease to mice
1876
Year when Robert Koch discovered tubercle bacillus
1882
Formulated criteria that provided proof that a
specific bacterium caused a disease and is referred as?
Koch’s Postulates
Causative agent must NOT be present in every case of disease and must present in healthy animals. True or False?
False
Branch of Biology that deals with study of microbes
MICROBIOLOGY
obligate intracellular parasites that
contain either RNA or DNA and these proteins
are enclosed by capsid
Viruses/Virus
Study of viruses
Virology
Study of fungi
Mycology
Fungi can exist in yeast or mold; if they exist in both forms, they are said to be?
Dimorphic
Fungi doesn’t have both sexual and asexual
reproduction. True or False?
False
What does the growth cycle of fungi consists of?
Vegetative and Reproductive phase
Study of cells, molecules, and mechanisms
responsible for immunity
Immunology
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
are minute unicellular organisms that have all necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self-multiplication at the expense of available foodstuffs
Bacteria
Bacteria do not have sexual growth cycle but some produce asexual pores. True or False?
True
Area of biologic science comprising 3 districts but highly interrelated disciplines that include
classification, nomenclature, and identification
MICROBIAL TAXONOMY
Organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or TAXA
CLASSIFICATION
most basic taxonomic group and may be defined as collection of bacterial strains
Species
subgroups within a species
subspecies
designation given to groups below the subspecies level that share specific but relatively minor characteristics (3)
Biotype, serotype, phagotype
comprised of different species that have
several important features in common but differ sufficiently to still maintain their status as individual species
Genus
Naming of microorganisms according to
established rules and guidelines provided the accepted labels by which organisms are
universally recognized
NOMENCLATURE
Binomial System
Nomenclature
Process by which microorganism’s key features are delineated
IDENTIFICATION
Relate to organism’s
genetic make-up
including the nature of
organism’s genes and
constituent acids
GENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS
based on features beyond genetic level
and includes readily
observable
characteristics
PHENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTCS
DNA is comprised of how many bases?
4 bases
Extent to which DNA of 2 organisms is made up of ____________________ relative to their base
content can be used as an indicator or relatedness
cytosine & guanine (C + G)
Order of bases along strand of DNA/RNA
Nucleic Acid Base Sequence
In the method of NUCLEIC ACID
HYBRIDIZATION, the greater the degree of ______________, the
greater is the degree of ______________.
hybridization; relatedness
it is the size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular
appendages, arrangement of cells of Phenotypic Characteristics.
Microscopic Morphology
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to reproducibly stain particular
color with application of specific dyes and reagents
Staining Characteristics
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to grow at various temperatures
in presence of O2 and other gases, at various pH levels or in presence of ions and salts like NaCl
Environmental Requirements
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organisms to utilize various C and N2
sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environment conditions
Nutritional Requirements
(Phenotypic Characteristics) characteristics of microbial growth patterns on
artificial media as observed when inspected with unaided eye
Macroscopic Morphology
(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of molecular constituents of cell that are typical for particular taxon, or organism group by
various analytical methods
Subcellular Properties
(Phenotypic Characteristics) exhibition of characteristics inherent resistance to
specific antibiotics, heavy metals, or toxins by
certain microorganisms
Resistance Profiles
(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of profiles of microorganism by
various serologic and immunologic methods that are useful for determining relatedness among various
microbial groups
Antigenic Properties
undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form the specialized tissues and organ systems of
higher plants and animals
PROTISTS
Higher protists
EUKARYOTES
Contains membrane enclosed organelles
that have specific
cellular functions and
histones
EUKARYOTES
Have cytoskeleton
which provides support
for different organelles
EUKARYOTES
lower protists
PROKARYOTES
have no organelles,
histones
PROKARYOTES
have cell wall composed
of peptidoglycan with
muramic acid
PROKARYOTES
In Microscopic Morphology of shapes and arrangements, what are the 3 Morphological categories?
Cocci, Bacilli, Spiral organisms
spherical cells
Cocci/Coccus
rod-shaped cells
Bacilli/Bacillus
some bacteria are f__________ as they
tend to form long strands composed of many cells.
Filamentous
few bacteria that changes their shapes
PLEMORPHIC
cocci in pairs; divided in single plane
Diplococci
cocci in chains; divided in single plane
Streptococci
cocci in grape-like appearance, divided in 2 or more planes
Staphylococci
cocci in groups of four
Tetrads
group of 8 or more cells
Sarcina
bacilli in pair, either slipping (side by side)
or snapping (V-shape)
Diplobacilli
bacilli in chain
Streptobacilli
either singly or in pair, thick and plump
Coccobacilli
comma-shaped
Vibrio
Maybe regarded as bacillary forms twisted in the form of helix
Spiral Forms
long axis is rigid in motion
Spirillum
µ
micro
µm
micrometer
size of Cocci
0.4 – 2.0 µm
size of Bacilli
0.2- 4.0 µm in width by 0.5–20 µm in length
length of spirals
1-14 µm in length
A type of microscope that visible light passes through specimen and then through series of lenses that reflect light in a manner that results in magnification of organism present in
specimen
Brightfield Microscopy
fungi, most parasites, and most bacteria are
visualized using brightfield microscope; NOT SUFFICIENT for
observing viruses. TRUE or FALSE?
True
Fills the space between objective lens and
glass slide where specimen is affixed and Enhances resolution by preventing light rays
from dispersing and changing wavelengths
after passing through the specimen.
Oil Immersion
Needed to make objects stand out from
background
Contrast
can be raised to higher energy
level after absorbing UV (excitation) light
Fluors/ fluorochromes
where color of fluorescent light depends on the dye and light filters used.
fluorescence
Fluorescent dye is used alone
Fluorochroming
A type of microscope that contrast is achieved without the use of stains
Phase Contrast Microscopy
What is the advantage of Phase Contrast Microscopy?
permit observation of viable
microorganisms
A type of microscope that the condenser does not allow light to pass directly through specimen but directs light to hit the
specimen at oblique angle
Darkfield Microscopy
A type of microscope that uses electron beam instead of light to visualize small
objects
Electron Microscopy
What are the two types of electron microscope?
transmission and scanning
Passes electron beams through object and allows visualization of internal structures
TRANSMISSION EM
It is a technique for microscopic study of microorganisms Used for detection of motile bacteria
Direct Wet Mount Preparation
Electron beams are used to scan the surface of object and provide three dimensional view of surface structures
SCANNING EM
Direct Wet Mount Preparation is best viewed through?
Dark field and Phase Contrast
microscope
What is the advantage of Hanging Drop Preparation?
Morphology is less distorted and motility
is better appreciated
A dye so dilute that it cannot exert any toxic effect or inhibitory action on the cell is employed
Intravital Staining
Either direct clinical specimen or samples of growth from cultures and MOST USEFUL method for presumptive identification of bacteria and presence of certain viruses and for the definitive identification of most parasites and fungi
Fixed Stained State
Preserve morphology of bacteria and Allow smear to adhere on to slide
Air Drying
Coloring the microorganism with dye that
emphasizes certain structures
Staining
What are the types of stains?
simple, differential, and
special staining
Employ single dye, most commonly methylene blue, crystal violet, carbol fuchsin, or safranin. Most cells and most structures within each cell will stain with the same hue
Simple Stains
organisms are stained
Positive Staining
background is stained, not
the organism
Negative Staining
Consists of adding more than one dye added in several steps and the stained structures are
differentiated by color, as well as shape
Differential Stains
Used to color and isolate specific parts of
microorganims
Special Stains
It is one of the most useful and most generally applied and First devised by Dr. Hans Christian Gram in 1884
GRAM STAIN
Can be use effectively to divide all bacterial species into 2 large groups. What are they?
Gram Positive and Gram Negative.
Those that retain primary stain and deep violet in color
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
ALL COCCI are GRAM (+) except:
Neisseria group, Moraxella (Branhamella)
catarrhalis, and Veillonella
Those that are decolorized and retains
counterstain ; Pink or red in color
GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA
ALL BACILLI are GRAM (-)
except:
acid fast organisms (Mycobacterium, Nocardia), sporeformers (Bacillus,
Clostridium), and Corynebacterium
species
SPIRALS are difficult to stain BUT WHEN
STAINED, THEY ARE _________
GRAM NEGATIVE
