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Medical Microbiology > Clinical Bacteriology > Flashcards

Clinical Bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Mention 5 diseases that are frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus!

A

folliculitis, furunculus, bullous impetigo, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, pneumonia etc.

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2
Q

Mention 2 toxin-mediated staphylococcal diseases!

A

toxic shock syndrome (TSS), scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning

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3
Q

Mention 3 toxic products produced by Staphylococcus aureus!

A

TSST (toxic shock syndrome toxin), enterotoxin, exfoliatin, leukocidins, hemolysins

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4
Q

Which is the most virulent species of the Staphylococcus genus?

A

S. aureus

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5
Q

Which enzymatic virulence factor is characteristic exclusively for Staphylococcus aureus?

A

exocoagulase

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6
Q

Which biochemical test can be used to differentiate staphylococci from streptococci?

A

catalase test

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7
Q

Which antibacterial drug is the first choice in serious infections caused by methycillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains?

A

oxacillin (cloxacillin, flucloxacillin)

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8
Q

Which antibacterial drug is the first choice in serious infections caused by methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains?

A

glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin)

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9
Q

In which disease is Staphylococcus saprophyticus considered an obligate pathogen?

A

cystitis in young women

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10
Q

Which cell constituents determine the group-specific, and the type specific antigens of Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively?

A

group specific: C- polysaccharide
type specific: M protein

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11
Q

Mention 3 enzymes produced by Streptococcus pyogenes that enhance the spread of the bacterial infection in the body!

A

Streptokinase (fibrinolysin), hyaluronidase, streptodornase (DNAse)

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12
Q

List 3 diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in the skin or in subcutaneous tissues!

A

impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis

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13
Q

Mention a toxin-mediated streptococcal disease; specify the name of the toxin and its mechanism of action!

A

Scarlet fever - erythrogenic toxin – superantigen causing capillary destruction Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – TSST - superantigen

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14
Q

Mention 2 poststreptococcal diseases!

A

Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, (erythema nodosum, chorea minor)

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15
Q

Which product of Streptococcus pyogenes has a major pathogenic role in poststreptococcal diseases?

A

M protein: may induce hypersensitivity reactions

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16
Q

How long does immunity against scarlet fever exist? Which immune effector mechanism is involved?

A

Life-long immunity. Antitoxic antibodies are involved.

17
Q

What is the drug of first choice in Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

A

Penicillin-G, penicillin V / amoxicillin

18
Q

What is the patomechanism of post-streptococcal rheumatic fever?

A

type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic antibodies)

19
Q

What is the patomechanism of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

type III hypersensitivity (immune complexes)

20
Q

Which Streptococcus species plays major role in the meningitis of newborn babies?

A

Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae)

21
Q

What is (are) the major causative agent(s) for native valve infective endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

22
Q

Mention 2 diseases that are frequently caused by enterococci!

A

urinary tract infections, endocarditis, intraabdominal and pelvic infections

23
Q

What are the specific morphologic features of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive diplococcus, lancet shape, capsule.

24
Q

Mention 3 diseases that are frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae!

A

Pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, sepsis

25
Q

What fast diagnostic procedure can be used in acute Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

A

Demonstration of bacteria (intracellular in PMNs) from urethral discharge by Gram or methylene blue stain; PCR amplification of bacterial DNA

26
Q

What kind of immunity develops after Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

A

Partial immunity of short duration; no protection from reinfection

27
Q

Specify at least 2 of the most important manifestations of disseminated gonorrhoeal infections!

A

arthritis, skin lesions, (endocarditis, meningitis)

28
Q

What is the major manifestation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in newborns? How can it be prevented?

A

Blenorrhoea (ophtalmia) neonatorum; silver acetate eye drops or erythromycin ointment

29
Q

Mention at least 3 major virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae!

A

pilus, outer membrane proteins, LOS (lipooligosaccharide), IgA protease

30
Q

Mention at least 2 major virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis!

A

polysaccharide capsule, LOS, IgA protease

31
Q

What is the site of entry of Neisseria meningitidis infection? Which diseases are caused by this bacterium?

A

The site of entry is the nasopharynx (transmitted by airborne droplets). Meningococcemia and acute (purulent) bacterial meningitis.

32
Q

What kinds of prophylactic measures are available against Neisseria meningitidis infections?

A

Chemoprophylaxis: rifampin or ciprofloxacin.
Vaccination: capsular polysaccharide (types A, C, Y and W135). Vaccine against type B: contains different recombinant proteins.

33
Q

Which rapid diagnostic methods can be used in the presumptive diagnosis of purulent bacterial meningitis?

A

Gram or methylene blue stain of CSF sediment
Demonstration of bacterial capsular antigens by latex agglutination (from CSF) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

34
Q

What does the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae contain?

A

type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein

35
Q

Which are the portals of entry of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract

36
Q

Mention 3 important bacteria involved in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections!

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Clostridioides difficile

Medical Microbiology (3 decks)

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