Clinical aspects of reproduction SAQs Flashcards
Given that the progesterone-only pill (POP) has a higher failure rate and lower efficacy than the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill, why do some women still use it?
There are several reasons why some women choose to use the progesterone-only pill (POP) despite its higher failure rate. The POP is suitable for women who cannot use estrogen-containing contraceptives due to medical conditions or contraindications. It is also preferred by breastfeeding women as it does not affect milk supply. Some women may experience side effects with estrogen-containing contraceptives and find the POP to be better tolerated. Additionally, the POP may be preferred by women who prefer a daily pill regimen without the need for a hormone-free interval.
What is the main purpose for the withdrawal bleeding that occurs when taking the typical monophasic COC pill?
The main purpose of the withdrawal bleeding that occurs during the hormone-free interval of a typical monophasic combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill is to mimic a natural menstrual period. It provides reassurance to the user that she is not pregnant. The withdrawal bleeding is a result of the withdrawal of hormonal support and the resulting drop in hormone levels.
What are some of the common causes for infertility in males? In females? What are some of the methods used to assess this?
Common causes of male infertility include issues with sperm production, sperm quality or motility, blockages in the reproductive tract, hormonal imbalances, and genetic disorders. In females, common causes include ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages, uterine abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, and age-related decline in fertility. Assessments for infertility may include hormone testing, semen analysis, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or hysterosalpingography), genetic testing, and reproductive function evaluations.
What are the hormones used in a typical cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF)? What are their roles in this process? What cells in the ovarian follicles are they acting on?
In a typical cycle of IVF, the hormones used include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and sometimes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). FSH is used to stimulate the growth and development of multiple ovarian follicles. LH and hCG mimic the natural surge of LH that triggers ovulation. These hormones act on the cells within the ovarian follicles, specifically the granulosa cells, to promote follicle maturation, egg development, and eventual release.
Why is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) becoming more popular as a method of assisted reproductive technology to overcome infertility?
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is becoming more popular in assisted reproductive technology because it allows for the direct injection of a single sperm into an egg, bypassing natural fertilization barriers. ICSI is particularly useful in cases of male infertility, where there may be issues with sperm quality, quantity, or motility. It increases the chances of successful fertilization by overcoming these obstacles and has shown higher success rates compared to other methods.
