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NUCLEAR MEDICINE FINALS > CLINICAL APPLICATION > Flashcards

CLINICAL APPLICATION Flashcards

1
Q

– participate in body function.

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

The secretion into the bloodstream of substances is
known as

A

Hormones

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3
Q

_____ have profound effects on overall body
function and metabolism.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Endocrine System consists of:

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Pancreas
  3. Adrenal Gland
  4. Gonads
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5
Q

____ is used in management of
patients with disorders of the thyroid gland,
hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.

A

Radionuclide Therapy

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6
Q

____ is located in the neck.

A

Thyroid Gland

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7
Q

Thyroid Gland is sometimes ____-shaped in the
adult

A

butterfly

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8
Q

Lobe weighs approximately:

A

10 grams

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9
Q

The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones:

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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10
Q

These hormones regulate tissue metabolism and are
essential for normal body development and
maintenance of function.

A

T4 and T3

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11
Q

Iodine is reduced to ____ and is actively trapped by the thyroid gland.

A

neutral iodine or iodide

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12
Q

there are increase T4 and T3 syntheses and secretions as well as increase in TBG.

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

TBG -

A

Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

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14
Q

there is a decrease in thyroid hormone and in the absolute amount of TBG, and in the T4 or T3 levels are low.

A

Hypothyroidism

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15
Q

____ is the most widely used procedure for the measurement of circulating serum T4 and T3 and provides the most
direct estimate of thyroid function.

A

Radioimmunoassay

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16
Q

____ are also available to measure thyroglobulin,
the intrathyroidal binding protein.

A

Assays

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17
Q

____ are based on the unique avidity of the thyroid gland for iodine and the availability.

A

In Vivo Functions Tests and Imaging

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18
Q

In Vivo utilizes ____, an isotope that decays by beta decay and that is readily available as a product of nuclear fission and neutron bombardment in nuclear reactors.

A

Iodine-131

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19
Q

the most common in vivo
procedure.

A

Thyroid Uptake Test

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20
Q

____ is absorbed more rapidly than capsules

A

Liquid

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21
Q

The uptake is usually complete at ____ hrs.

A

18-20

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22
Q

____ is used to determine the size, location, and function of the thyroid gland and to evaluate palpable findings near or within the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid Gland Imaging

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23
Q

Choice of Radionuclides in Thyroid Imaging:

A
  1. I-131
  2. Tc 99m
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24
Q

Dosage for thyroid imaging:

A

5-15 mCi

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25
Q

Introduction of medicine for thyroid imaging:

A

Intravenous

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26
Q

Waiting time or delay for thyroid imaging:

A

10-20 mins

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27
Q

Patient Positioning for thyroid imaging:

A

Supine, Hyperextended neck

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28
Q

Static Views of Chest for thyroid imaging:

A

ANT, RAO, and LAO

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29
Q

Isotope used for radionuclide therapy:

A

I-131

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30
Q

Preparation for radionuclide therapy:

A

low iodine diet 1 week before therapy

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31
Q

Dosages for radionuclide therapy:

A

5-30 mCi for hyperthyroidism
50-200 for thyroid carcinoma

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32
Q

Introduction of medicine for radionuclide therapy:

A

Oral

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33
Q

Patient admission for radionuclide therapy:

A

1-3 days

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34
Q

images are acquired for radionuclide therapy in ____ hrs

A

48-72

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35
Q

Static views of chest for radionuclide therapy:

A

ANT neck and chest

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36
Q

___________ reported their initial observations on the distribution of I-128 T1/2 of 28 min in rabbits, they noted: radioactive iodine may be of clinical or therapeutic significance.

A

Herts, Roberts, and Evans

37
Q

At which year was the I-128 observed:

A

1938

38
Q

I-131 was synthesized by _____ shortly thereafter.

A

Seaborg

39
Q

reported the complete disappearance of
multiple functioning metastasis in a patient with
thyroid carcinoma.

A

1946

40
Q

Treatment doses for thyroid carcinoma:

A

30-75 mCi to ablate remnants
75-150 to treat local (cervical) metastases
150-300 to treat distal metastases

41
Q

Radionuclide imaging of the skeleton is being used
with increasing frequency in the evaluation of abnormalities involving _____

A

bones and joints

42
Q

introduced the development of Tc99m labeled phosphate complexes for bone imaging

A

Subramanian in 1971

43
Q

Tc99m in the form of ____ does not
localize to any useful extent in bone.

A

Pertechnetate

44
Q

The ____ half-life of Tc99m allows several millicuries of activity to be injected.

A

shorter

45
Q

____ are similar to pyrophosphonate and EHDP
but have faster blood clearance.

A

MDP and HMDP

46
Q

MDP -

A

Methylene Diphosphonate

47
Q

HMDP -

A

Hydroxymethylene Diphosphonate

48
Q

____ is believed to offer greater stability than pyrophosphate.

A

EDHP

49
Q

EDHP -

A

Ethylenehydroxyphosphonate

50
Q

Indications for Bone Scan:

A
  1. Staging of malignant disease
  2. Evaluation of primary bone neoplasms
  3. Diagnosis of early skeletal inflammatory disease
  4. Determine bone visibility
  5. Evaluation of total joint prosthesis
51
Q

The most frequent reason for ordering a bone scan is ____ by determining if spread to bone has occurred.

A

Staging of malignant disease

52
Q

What are seen in the anterior images of bone scan?

A

anterior skull, ant iliac spine and pubic rami

53
Q

What are seen in the posterior images of a bone scan?

A

posterior skull, spine, posterior ribs, scapulae, sacroiliac joints, and ischia

54
Q

Shoulders hips and extremities are commonly seen well on ____ views.

A

both

55
Q

Metastases to the spine are difficult to detect radiographically, since loss of approximately ____of the mineral content
of the bone must occur

A

50%

56
Q

isotope used for a bone scan?

A

Tc 99m

57
Q

pharmaceutical used for bone scan?

A

MDP or HMDP

58
Q

dosage for bone scan:

A

15-30 mCi

59
Q

Introduction of medicine for bone scan:

A

Intravenous

60
Q

____ is generally an adequate time for good bone accumulation and a low soft tissue level of the radiopharmaceutical.

A

3 hours

61
Q

How long does the bone scan take?

A

2-4 hours

62
Q

Unless contraindicated, patients should be ____ to aid in clearance of the radiopharmaceutical from the body.

A

hydrated

63
Q

Administration of _____ of liquid during the
delay period and should be voided frequently to decreases the radiation dose.

A

4-6 glasses

64
Q

____ before the procedure starts to avoid obscurity of the pelvis due to accumulation of medicine in the bladder.

A

Void

65
Q

patient positioning for bone scan:

A

supine

66
Q

static views of chest for bone scan:

A

ANT, RAO, RLAT, RPO, POS, LPO, LLAT, LAO

67
Q

Indications for radionuclide renal scintigraphy.

A
  1. Relative renal function
  2. Renal Transplant Evaluation
  3. Acute Renal Failure
  4. Obstructive Uropathy
  5. Renovascular Hypertension
  6. Infection and Inflammation
68
Q

____ is the most common radionuclide renal imaging study performed

A

MAG3 and DTPA

69
Q

MAG3 -

A

Mercaptoacetyltriglycine

70
Q

DTPA -

A

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

71
Q

Functional renal imaging can be used to determine
both _____

A

absolute and renal function

72
Q

Relative renal function is calculated using an early (1
– 2 or 2 – 3 mins min projection) image of the
____

A

kidneys

73
Q

Several caveats in determination of relative renal
function:

A
  1. Calculation of renal function
  2. Attenuation
74
Q

This method was shown to be effective by Haynie
and his colleagues, who injected labeled _____

A

ceramic microspheres

75
Q

The development of MAA is by _____ in 1964

A

Taplin & Coll and Wagner & Coll

76
Q

MAA -

A

Macroaggregated Albumin

77
Q

After intravenous injection the particles, which
measure ____ in diameter, pass through the
right atrium and right ventricle, where they are well
mixed with blood, and then into the pulmonary
artery.

A

30-40 um

78
Q

A satisfactory perfusion image can be obtained with
anywhere between _____ particles in a
normal patient.

A

60,000 and 150,000

79
Q

If too few particles are given, the scans have an
obvious ____ appearance

A

blotchy

80
Q

method of injection for MAA:

A

intravenous

81
Q

Standard Perfusion Imaging includes the six basic
views:

A

Posterior, Anterior, Right & Left Laterals, and
Right & Left Posterior Obliques.

82
Q

Posterior view first for ____ counts, and then
each of the other views for the same time that it
takes to do

A

500,000

83
Q

3 aspects of ventilation are often examined.

A
  1. Distribution of Single Breath
  2. Distribution of Lung Volume
  3. Distribution of the efficiency of ventilation from
    the clearance of radioactive xenon
84
Q

Thyroid Cancer RAI Treatment

A
  • Post-surgery
  • Ablations of remnants and metastases
  • Reduces recurrences, metastases, mortality
85
Q

Determines the overall function of the thyroid
gland

A

Thyroid Scintigraphy

86
Q

RAI-

A

Radioactive Iodine

87
Q

ATD

A

Antithyroid Drugs

88
Q

Adjuvant therapy for well differentiated thyroid
cancer

A

Radioactive Iodine

89
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

NUCLEAR MEDICINE FINALS (1 decks)

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