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PVS > Clinical and euthanasia 2 > Flashcards

Clinical and euthanasia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are potential methods for the administration of drugs for euthanasia?

A
  • IV
  • Intrarenal
  • Inhalation
  • Intracardiac
  • In food
  • Small exotics: intrahepatic, intraperitoneal
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2
Q

Briefly describe IV euthanasia in small animals

A
  • Always place catheter if possible
  • Cephalic catheter easiest
  • Saphenous catheter allows owner unrestricted access to the front of the animal
  • Pre-med with ACP/injectable anaesthetic agent may avoid “terminal gasp”
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3
Q

Briefly describe IV euthanasia of horses

A
  • Large volumes required
  • Always place catheter
  • Rapid action causes horse to drop, difficult to control
  • Sedation may be required prior to injection
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4
Q

What routes of euthanasia drug administration may be used in debilitated cats?

A
  • Intrarenal
  • Inhalational anaesthetic then intracardiac injection
  • NB take care with alpha-2 agonists
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5
Q

What route of euthanasia drug administration may be used in aggressive dogs?

A
  • Mix with food (takes <60mins)
  • Pre-med with medetomidine to allow IV, but may make patient hypotensive and venepuncture more difficult
  • Muzzle, capture poles and squeezing/trapping with doors may be important
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6
Q

What routes of euthanasia administration may be used in small exotics? What is a consideration of these?

A
  • Intrahepatic, intraperitoneal (may go through excitation phase)
  • Inhalational anaesthesia followed by intracardiac injection
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7
Q

When might intrarenal euthanasia administration be used and what is a consideration?

A
  • When it is difficult to find a vein

- May be painful

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8
Q

What routes of euthanasia administration may be used in birds?

A
  • Intrahepatic
  • Intraosseous
  • Inhalational anaesthesia then intracranial (caudal approach)
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9
Q

What is a disadvantage of using alpha-2 agonists in euthanasia?

A
  • Often leads to vomiting

- Can affect peripheral circulation and complicate/prevent finding a vein

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10
Q

What are some disadvantages of inhalational euthanasia using iso or sevoflurane?

A
  • Need 2-3x mean alveolar concentration to induce apnoea
  • Rapid gas flow can be noisy and frighten small exotics and wildlife species
  • Alveolar concentrations rise slowly due to decreased ventilation, may get agitation before induction of anaesthesia
  • Reptiles, amphibians diving birds and diving mammals very resistant to hypoxia so inhalation is not effective
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11
Q

Describe the confirmation of death in euthanasia

A
  • Cessation of vital signs
  • Absence of heart beat
  • Absence of papebral reflex
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12
Q

Outline the difficulties in euthanasia of ectotherms

A
  • Different metabolism and respiration cf other companion animals
  • Very tolerant of cerebral hypoxia
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13
Q

Describe the anatomical site for euthanasia by firearms in adult cattle

A
  • 2/3rds up forehead
  • Intersection of lines from top of ear base to lateral canthus of opposite eye
  • Slightly off midline to avoid bony septum
  • Angle perpendicular to the slope of the frontal bone
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14
Q

Compare the anatomical site for euthanasia by firearms in calves with that in adult cattle

A
  • In calves, midline of forehead

- Slightly lower than for adult cattle

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15
Q

Describe the anatomical location for euthanasia by firearms in sheep and goats without horns

A
  • On top of head

- Aim towards spine

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16
Q

Describe the anatomical location for euthanasia by firearms in sheep and goats with horns

A
  • Approach from behind
  • Between base of horns
  • Aim towards mouth
17
Q

Describe the anatomical location for euthanasia by firearms in pigs at bacon weight

A
  • 2cm above imaginary line drawn between eyes

- Aim up into skull

18
Q

Describe the anatomical location for euthanasia by firearms in adult pigs

A
  • 5cm above level of eyes

- Perpendivular to frontal bone

19
Q

What is the main difficulty with euthanasia using firearms in pigs?

A
  • Thick skull, large frontal sinuses make this less reliable

- Consider emergency killing methods as thick skull can make bolting and pithing/bleeding very difficult

20
Q

Describe the anatomical location for the euthanasia of horses using firearms

A
  • Brain high in skull
  • At intersecton of imaginary lines from lateral canthus of the eyes to the medial aspect of ears
  • Aim for the withers
21
Q

What is a disadvantages of euthanasia by bolting or firearms in large animals?

A

Lots of limb movement that present safety risk, but need to quickly be pithed or bled (within 15seconds)

22
Q

List the firearms used for euthanasia

A
  • Gunshot
  • Penetrating captive bolt
  • Captive bolt
23
Q

Outline the legislation for the use of shotguns/penetrating captive bolts

A
  • Need individual firearm license
  • Firearm kept in locked cupboard when not in use
  • Ammunition kept in separate locked cupboard
24
Q

What are the different types of free bullet that can be used in euthanasia?

A
  • .22 calibre rifle with long rifle mushroom shells
  • 9mm/.38 calibre handgun
  • .410 gauge shotgun with slugs or pellets
25
Q

Outline the safety concerns when using shotguns/penetrating captive bolts for euthanasia

A
  • Personnel, public and other nearby animals need to be considered
  • Must be used outdoors and away from public access
  • Penetrating captive bolt safer as there is no free bullet
26
Q

Outline the use of captive bolt for euthanasia

A
  • Need to adequately restrain animal
  • Offer distraction
  • Must be bled or pithed within 15 seconds of captive bolting
27
Q

What are the physical methods other than firearms for euthanasia?

A
  • Cervical dislocation

- Decapitation

28
Q

Outline the use of cervical dislocation for euthanasia

A
  • Humane if performed by well-trained individuals
  • Separates first cervical vertebra from skull
  • Mostly used in mice, immature rats, immature rabbits and poultry/other small bids
29
Q

Outline the method of cervical dislocation in immature rats and mice

A
  • Thumb and index finger at base of skull, or use rod

- Rapid caudal traction applied to tail or hind limbs

30
Q

Outline the method of cervical dislocation in immature rabbits

A
  • Head held in one hand, hindlimbs in the other, animal stretched
  • Neck hyperextended and twisted dorsally
  • Alternatively, hold up by back legs and apply sharp blow to back of the neck
31
Q

In what species is euthanasia by decapitation commonly used?

A
  • Rodents and small rabbits

- Ectotherms

32
Q

In what scenarios is decapitation mostly used in rodents and small rabbits?

A
  • Research
  • Tissues/body fluids not contaminated by chemicals
  • Brain not anatomically damaged
33
Q

What is an important consideration regarding decapitation of ectotherms?

A
  • CNS tolerant of hypoxic conditions, pain may be perceived even after decapitation
  • Need to follow with pithing
34
Q

List some methods of small animal carcass disposal

A
  • Individual burial
  • Individual commercial cremation
  • Commercial incineration
35
Q

List methods of food animal carcass disposal

A
  • Knackers yard
  • Hunt kennel
  • Approved incineration
  • Approved renderer
  • National Fallen Stock Scheme
  • Private arrangement
36
Q

Outline the legislations regarding food animal carcass disposal

A
  • Regional legislation by country
  • According to EU Animal By Products Regulation 2002, no longer burn or burry farmed livestock on farms
  • TSE suspects must be reported and tested
37
Q

What is the legislation regarding wildlife on farm carcass disposal?

A
  • Not covered by ABPR
  • Contact local authorities
  • Separate rules for badgers
38
Q

What methods of equine carcass disposal are permitted?

A
  • National Fallen Stock Scheme/knackerman

- Horse burial (only pet horses in Scotland and Wales)

39
Q

What are important considerations for horse burial?

A
  • Must avoid livestock access

- Avoid potential for leaching into watercourses

PVS (23 decks)

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