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Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 1 > Clinical Anatomy 1 Skeletal System Bones on Macroscopic feat > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy 1 Skeletal System Bones on Macroscopic feat Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of? (4)

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilages
  3. Joints
  4. Special forms of connective tissue
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2
Q

What are the 9 cells that are part of the skeletal system?

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. chondroblasts
  5. chondroclasts
  6. chondrocytes
  7. mesenchymal cells
  8. Monocytes (macrophage linage)
  9. Fibroblasts
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3
Q

What is Extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A
  • Are the molecules/materials that surround the outside of the cell.
  • Contains both organic and inorganic componts
  • Makes the bulk of the tissues
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4
Q

What are 3 cartilage cells?

A
  1. chondroblasts
  2. chondroclasts
  3. chondrocytes
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5
Q

What are 3 bone cells?

A
  1. osteoblasts(needed when fracture occurs; bone-forming cells)
  2. osteoclasts (large cells that resorb or break
    down bone matrix)
  3. osteocytes(mature bone cells)
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6
Q

What is Mesenchymal cells? (3)

A
  1. Embryonic connective tissue
  2. Can differentiate into bone forming cells, cartilage forming cells, blood forming cells, and muscle forming cells.
  3. Known as the origin of most cells.
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7
Q

What are 2 organic components in ECM?

A
  1. Collagen fibers

2. Ground substance

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8
Q

What is collagen fibers in ECM? (3)

A
  1. Is the most abundant
  2. Principal fibrous component
  3. Confers tensile strength
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9
Q

What is ground substance in ECM?

A

There are two types: Bone & Cartilage

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10
Q

What is ground substance Bone in ECM? (7)

A
  1. Mineralized
  2. Inorganic components
  3. Calcium
  4. Phosphates
  5. Rigid and Strong
  6. Brittle
  7. Remodeling
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11
Q

What is ground substance Cartilage in ECM? (4)

A
  1. Not mineralized
  2. Firm, solid gel-like
  3. Stiff and incompressible
  4. More flexible and resilient than bone
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12
Q

What is cell modulation?

A
  • Change reversible

- Ex: osteocytes can turn to osteoblasts if a bone fracture occurs

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13
Q

What are bones lined with? (2)

A
  1. Periosteum

2. Endosteum

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14
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

Lines the bone cavity

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15
Q

What are 5 functions of bone?

A
  1. Protection for vital structures
  2. Support for the body
  3. Mechanical basis for movement
  4. Storage for salts (CALCIUM and phosphates)
  5. Hematopoiesis (creation of new blood cells; in the bone marrow)
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16
Q

What are 2 bone classification based on location?

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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17
Q

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

- The clavicle and scapula are NOT part of the axial skeleton

18
Q

What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

19
Q

What are the 6 shapes and sizes of bones?

A
  1. Long
  2. Small long bones
  3. Short
  4. Flat
  5. Irregular
  6. Sesamoid
20
Q

What is Macroscopic structure?

A
  • Also known as Basic Architecture
  • Compact (cortical) bone
  • Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone
21
Q

What is Microscopic structure? (microscopic differentiation of the bone)

A
  • Also known as Matrix arrangement
  • Woven (fibrous/immature) bone tissue
  • Lamellar (mature/secondary) bone tissue
22
Q

What are 2 developmental origin in classification of bones? (2 ossification centre)

A
  1. Intramembranous

2. Endochondral

23
Q

What are the 2 requirements for Long Bones?

A
  1. Bone marrow cavity
  2. Two epiphysis (one on each end)

*Are tubular shaped

24
Q

What is epiphysis?

A
  • Secondary ossification centers appear

- Most appear during childhood or adolescence

25
Q

What is diaphysis (shaft)?

A
  • Primary ossification centers

- Appears during the 7-20 weeks of intrauterine life

26
Q

What is Metaphysis?

A

Growing part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphyseal plate

27
Q

What is epiphyseal plate?

A
  • A layer of hyaline cartilage

- Between epiphysis and Metaphysis

28
Q

What are 2 requirements for small long bones?

A
  1. Epiphysis at one end
  2. No bone marrow cavity

*Ex: clavicle

29
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • Cuboidal in shape

- Ex: Carpus & Tarsus

30
Q

What is flat bones?

A
  • Are meant for PROTECTION
  • Thin and flattened
  • Ex: skull, ribs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle
31
Q

What are Irregular bones?

A
  • Bones with complicated shapes
  • Provide ATTACHMENT
  • Ex: Vertebrae & Facial bones
32
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
  • Develop embedded in tendons closely related to articular surfaces
  • PROTECT the tendons from excessive wear
  • Like sesame seeds
  • Ex: patella
33
Q

What 3 bones develop from a single center of ossification?

A
  1. Carpal and Tarsal bones
  2. Auditory ossicles
  3. Facial bones
34
Q

What are 2 classification of bones based on macroscopic structure?

A
  1. Compact (cortical/dense) bone

2. Trabecular (cancellous/spongy) bone

35
Q

What is compact bone? (3)

A
  1. Also known as cortical or dense bone
  2. 85% of bones are compact bone
  3. Consist of Secondary Osteons (Haversian system)
36
Q

What is Haversian system? (2)

A
  • The structural unit
    of compact bone
  • A cylindrical structure parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis
    -Allow passage of blood vessels and nerves
37
Q

Where is compact bone located? (4)

A
  1. Diaphysis of long bones
  2. Ends of long bones
  3. Internal and external surfaces of flat bones
  4. Surface of irregular and sesamoid bones
38
Q

What is the function of compact bone? (3)

A
  1. Mechanical and protective function
  2. Provides strength for weight bearing
  3. Encloses Marrow (medullary) cavity that contains yellow marrow(reserve fat cells)
39
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A
  1. Consist of bony trabeculae (spiculae)
  2. Projects out from internal surface of compact bone into bone marrow cavity.
  3. Composed of irregular lamellae that form anastomosing plates separated by intercommunicating spaces filled with red bone marrow
  • DO NOT CONTAIN COMPLETE OSTEONS (Haversian system)
40
Q

What is lamellae?

A
  • Layers
  • column-like matrix
    tubes
41
Q

Where are trabecular bones located?

A
  1. Inferior of flat bones
  2. At expanded ends (epiphyses) of the long bones
  3. Interior of Irregular and Sesamoid Bones

*Contains Red Marrow, which the function is Hematopoiesis

Clinical Anatomy Skeletal System 1 (2 decks)

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