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Past Question CD > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

What is not a mark?

A

• Tattoo

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2
Q

What is not part of the Nationale?

A

History

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3
Q

What are the Principles of Mareks’ sound percussion: (MC)

A
  • Crackling sound of tapping the hammer and plessimeter.
  • Sound of thoracic wall or wall of any organ.
  • Resonant sound of gas containing tissue or other organs.
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4
Q

How is the induced cough in the horse? (SC)

A

Intensive, sharp, high, short, dry, painless, snapping, does not recur.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the Pulse pressure:

A
  • Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

* Determined by heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance.

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6
Q

What are the indications of an ECG:

A
  • Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias
  • Detect enlarged cardiac chambers (Echocardiography is better)
  • Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes and systemic diseases
  • Aid cardiac diseases diagnosis
  • Monitor anaesthesia
  • Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs (Digitalis glycosides, etc.)
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7
Q

What is the dental formaula in the dog?

A

3i, 1c, 4p, 2m/3i, 1c, 4p, 3m

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8
Q

Indication of Oesophagosocpy (x9)

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Regurgitation
  • foreign bodies
  • esophageal structure
  • megaoesophagus (D)
  • eosophagitis (D)
  • patent ductus arteriosus (D)
  • hiatal hernia (D)
  • worms
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9
Q

Indications of gastroscopy (x10)

A
  • dysphagia
  • regurgitation
  • chronic vomiting
  • foreign bodies
  • hematemesis
  • melena
  • gastritis (D)
  • ulcers(D)
  • neoplasia(D)
  • pyloric obstruction (D)
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10
Q

Indications of duodenoscopy (x6)

A
  • chronic vomiting
  • hematemesis
  • melena
  • chronic diarrhea
  • IBS
  • lymphengiectesa
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11
Q

Indications for colonoscopy (x9)

A
  • Tenesmus
  • Haematochezia
  • Dyschezia
  • Rectal masses
  • Faecal mucus
  • Lymphoma (D)
  • Adenocarcinoma (D)
  • Cecal inversion (D)
  • Colitis ( D)
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12
Q

Which are not the indications for a GI endoscope?

A

Ascites

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13
Q

In dogs, right sided heart failure can lead to?

A

Ascites
Pulmonary edema
Distended jugular

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14
Q

What sound do you hear in case of pulmonary edema?

A

Non musical ronchi (crepitation & crackling)

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15
Q

What type of stones can be seen with an ultrasound?

A

Inorganic
organic
struvit and oxalate

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16
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary eye mouvements

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17
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Myosis
ptiasis
enopthalmos
prolapse of the third eyelid

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18
Q

Post prandial lipaemia, after how many hours?

A

12

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19
Q

history is part of the general impression?

A

not true

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20
Q

True about ataxia

  • Incoordination
  • Muscle weakness
  • Vestibular malfunction
A

Incoordination

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21
Q

Pre cordial thrill?

A

Pathological. Grade 5 murmur (Very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill)

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22
Q

Cat’s abdomen organs palpated?

A 
-  Right kidney 
•  Left kidney 
•  Urinary bladder 
•  Small intestine 
•  Colon (faeces) 
•  Liver
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23
Q

LN in cattle which physiological?

A 
- Mandibular ln. 
•  Praescpaular ln. 
•  Superficial inguinal lnn. 
•  Sub-iliac lnn. (in lower third between tuber coxae and flank fold) 
•  Mammary lnn.
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24
Q

Not kidney evaluation parameters

A

creatinine kinase

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25
Q

BM not performed

A
  • Xray
  • Biopsy
  • Scintigraphy (check for malignancies)
  • ALKP (osteolysis)
  • CBC (septic disease)
  • US
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26
Q

Skin biopsy

A
  • Hereditary skin diseases
  • Auto-immune diseases
  • Neoplasms
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27
Q

Heart can be plapated

A

Between the 3rd and 6th ic space.

• All species on both sides except Ru, pig -> Only on the left.

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28
Q

true about kidney

A

Acute nephritis -> Enlarged, painful.

Chronic nephritis -> Smaller

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29
Q

What Ancillary methods can be used to test muscles? (MC x9)

A
  • EMG (electromyography)
  • Biopsy (muscle, endplate)
  • CK
  • LDH
  • AST
  • ALT
  • US
  • MRI
  • Urinanalysis (! myoglibinuria)
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30
Q

Which are Anticoagulants? (MC)

A
  • Heparin. (Added to plasma before centrifugation.)
  • EDTA
  • Citrate
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31
Q

Where is the apical beat located on the dog?

A

over the edge of the sternum. Left 3-6 ICS, Right 3-5 ICS

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32
Q

Which are ‘Connected’ skin lesions?

A

Vesicle and bulla

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33
Q

What can be heard in the upper region in the case of hydrothorax?

A

louder sound, forced loud breathing, increase dullness

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34
Q

What are the lung borders in the horse?

A

16,14,10

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35
Q

How to examine the spleen?

A
  • Palpation, percussion, rectal examination. In LA!

* Additional: CBC, US!, radiography, FNA/cytology, biopsy

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36
Q

Vesicle

A
  • Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid (>1cm = bulla, blister). Often viral or auto-immune origin.
  • Skin lesion less than 1cm and filled with clear fluid.
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37
Q

Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration?

A

Not true

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38
Q

What is not palpable in Horse rectal examination?

A
  • Stomach
  • Right K
  • Liver
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39
Q

UMN

A

Hyperactive reflexes. Increased tone.

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40
Q

Which additional method for examining the bone marrow is NOT correct?

A
  • Abdominal US

- X ray

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41
Q

Which is the Most important way to examine the urinary tract?

A

Urinalysis

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42
Q

BMBT

A

Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Test: Capillary refill time (<2secs). Also, tests platelet function.

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43
Q

Percussion air standpoint

A
  • Volume/Loudness
  • Pitch/Frequency
  • Tone/Resonance
  • Duration
  • Special sounds
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44
Q

Expired air standpoint

A
  • Odour
  • Strength
  • Temperature
  • Symmetry
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45
Q

What clinical signs are seen in case of pericardial effusion?

A

Elevation of the caudo-ventral border: Increase of cardiac dullness (enlargement)

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46
Q

Why do we use Valsalva probe?

A

Rubbing of pleural surfaces -> stop breathing: Rubbing disappears = pleuropericardial/pleuropleural

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47
Q

Bone clinical examination:

A

Physical examination -> General inspection, palpation (pain, consistency, crepitation, movement, temperature), percussion.

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48
Q

Symptoms of a generalised seizure:

A

Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus, brainstem -> So all muscles effected and ‘general’ symptoms seen -> Excitation or loss of consciousness

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49
Q

Thorax normal percussion sounds

A
  • Small animals: Sharp, high or low, sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound.
  • Large animals: Sharp, low, non-sonorous, non-resonant and short percussion sound.
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50
Q

adrenal glands examination

A
  • CBC (stress leukogram)
  • Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA/L ratio)
  • ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
  • US, CT
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51
Q

locomotor system examination

A
  • History
  • Physical examination
  • General impression
  • Inspection, palpation, percussion of the given organ
  • Compare symmetrical parts of the body
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52
Q

Part of general impression

A 
-  Body size
•  Body shape and development state 
•  Nutritional condition 
•  General condition, grooming 
•  Consciousness and behaviour 
•  Posture 
•  Locomotion 
•  Obvious abnormalities
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53
Q

Pulse in cow

A
  • A. Facialis
  • A. transversa faciei
  • A. coccygea
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54
Q

Where can the pulse be measured on the Horse? (MC

A
  • A. Facialis
  • A. transversa faciei
  • A. digitalis lat and med
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55
Q

What is true about endoscopy?

A

Can be done in awake patients (TRUE – in large animals)

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56
Q

What is M-mode in echocardiography?

A

Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography (M:motion). Used for the measurement of the left ventricle.

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57
Q

Different % in Ruminants:

A
  • Rumen -> 80% on LEFT LHS
    • Reticulum -> 50% in middle of abdomen and to the Left 6-9th ics near xiphoid process
    • Omasum -> 7-8% on RIGHT RHS and ventral -> Difficult to reach -> 6-9th ics
    • Abomasum -> 8% in contact with abdominal wall -> On ventral part of abdomen
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58
Q

What to check when suspecting locomotion problems?

A

• Physical examination history
• General impression -> Observation of the standing , moving and recumbent animal
• Inspection, palpation, percussion of the given organ -> Functional unit of BAM
• Compare symmetrical parts of the body -> Differentiate musculoskeletal signs of systemic diseases
• Further examinations -> Rectal palpation, X-ray, CT, MRI, Arthroscopy, US, EMG (Electromyography), Scintigraphy = Nuclear
imaging, Biopsy, Aspiration cytology, CBC, Serum biochemistry, Serology

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59
Q

Lab test performed if suspecting bone illness in Horse?

A 
•  CT, X-ray, scintilligraphy 
•  Ca, P, 
•  ALKP (increased osteoclast activity), PTH, PTHUrelated protein, vit. D metabolites 
•  CBC 
•  Kidney function 
•  Haematology – Acute osteomyelitis 
•  Biopsy, Histopathology 
•  Cytology, Fluids, Exudates 
•  Microbiology 
Different mixed answers
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60
Q

Pericardial tamponade in Cow. Signs:

A

Pulse changes with respiration

Positive venous stasis test -> No emptying below the compression point

61
Q

What is grade 5/6 of cardiac murmum?

A

very loud murmur with precordial thrill

62
Q

What is the procedure of the nervous system exam?

A

ASK, WATCH, TOUCH, PAIN

63
Q

Which are US types?

A

M-model, B-model, Doppler

64
Q

Which Lymph nodes can be palpated in the healthy Horse?

A
  • Mandibular ln.

* Superficial inguinal lnn.

65
Q

Noises heard upon pericardial effusion:

A
  • Increase of cardiac dullness

* Crepitation/crackling

66
Q

Slap test:

A

hit the wither of the horse: Slap test on arytenoids –> N. vagus recurrens

67
Q

Examination of the prostate gland:

A
  • Palpation -> Abdominal / Rectal-digital
  • Visualisation -> X-ray, US
  • Urinalysis
  • Examination of prostatic fluid # Prostatic massage
  • Examination of semen
  • Cytology, biopsy
68
Q

Describing lymph nodes:

A
  • Shape
  • Size -> Measure. Compare to something.
  • Consistency
  • Structure
  • Painfulness
  • Movability
  • Temperature compared with other
  • Surface
  • Intactness of covered skin
69
Q

What is the consequence If the transducer frequency is higher?

A

Higher resolution and less penetration depth.

70
Q

Where is the Diernhofer triangle?

A
  • At the cardiac area

* Normal filled with air

71
Q

Adrenal gland function:

A
  • CBC (stress leukogram)
  • Biochemistry -> ALP, SIALP, NA/K ratio
  • ACTH stimulation test, LDDS test
  • US, CT
72
Q

Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis:

A

Blood dripping from penis, but clear urine: Injury to penis e.g. wound or a prostate problem.

73
Q

How is the epidermal collarette formed

A

remainder of the covering of a ruptured vesicle or pustule, but also seen in epidermal necrosis. Can be caused by bacteria or dermatophites.

74
Q

What is true about the horse? (MC)

A
  • Right colon attached. Stomach does not touch the wall
    • Left colon is free
    • Long soft palate
    • Acute angle of oesophagus into stomach
75
Q

Which species has physiological palpable ovarian glands?

A

• Cattle

76
Q

Respiratory sounds over abdomen (MC)

A

• Stronger in dog than horse

77
Q

Which is a Pathological behaviour?

A

Auto-mutilation

78
Q

What indicates consciousness?

A
  • Ability to learn
  • Eat
  • Walk
  • Ability to remember
79
Q

Puncta maximum of the dog on the left side?

A

for heart apex: 3-6

for murmur: 3P-4A-5M

80
Q

What causes an enlarged P wave?

A

Atrial enlargment

81
Q

2 different labs have measured creatine but got different results, Lab 1 higher than lab 2. What can be the reason?

A
  • One used spectrophotometer
  • One used specific enzymes
  • Incorrect measurement
  • Wrong equipement
82
Q

What is incorrect about sampling of a spinal cord?

A
  • Blood sample
  • Biopsy
  • US of abdominal cavity
83
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the Panniculus reflex?

A

Afferent: Spinal segments, centre: C7-T1 Efferent: m. cutaneous trunci

84
Q

In which animals is the percussion of the hemithorax absolute?

A

horse and dogs

85
Q

What is the caudal border of lungs in cattle?

A

11, -, 8

86
Q

In which species can you feel the heart on the right side?

A

Cat
Dog
Horse

87
Q

In which species can’t you palpate the heart on the right side?

A
  • Ruminants

* Swine

88
Q

Symptoms of vestibular ataxia?

A
  • Head tilt
  • Nystagmus
  • Animal lean and fall to affected side
89
Q

Splashing sound characteristics:

A

Sounds like water in a bottle

90
Q

Which is the most important part of urinary diagnostics?

A

Laboratory examinations of urine and blood

91
Q

Indications to do a skin biopsy? (MC)

A
  • Auto-immune dermatopathies
  • Tumours
  • Congenital skin diseases
92
Q

What can the mucous membrane look like if there is cardiac failure?

A
  • Cyanotic
  • Livid
  • Pale, whitish
93
Q

What can be examined on the teeth? (x6)

A
  • Stones (cremor dentis)
  • Surface
  • Closure
  • Tartar
  • Movability
  • Percussion sound
94
Q

In which species can the uterus be palpated physiologically?

A
  • Horse

* Cattle

95
Q

What do you examine with the ‘swinging light test’?

A

• N. opticus + n. oculomotor

96
Q

Apical beat location in the dog and cat?

A

Left 3-6 and Right 3-5 ics

97
Q

Pick the true statement about synovial fluid:

A

Clear, light-straw in colour, sticky, viscous-feel, strand forming (between fingers / glass slide)

98
Q

Joint’s motion:

A

Joints are easily movable according to the given joint’s range of motion. Passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt.

99
Q

Where does the nasal discharge come out from, when it originates from the guttural pouch?

A

• Bilateral nasal discharge (behind the choanae)

100
Q

Cause of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

GI bleeding

101
Q

How to check the Pancreas?

A

Check amylase and lipase biochemical parameters

102
Q

Nerves involved in the perineal and anal reflex:

A
  • N. pudendus (afferent and efferent)

* N. rectalis caud. (efferent)

103
Q

Signs of a damaged trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Sagging lower jaw
  • Trismus
  • Tic
104
Q

What can be seen on inspection of the thorax?

A
  • Repiratory rate
  • Chest size
  • Deformities
105
Q

Arterial palpation:

A
  • Rhythm
  • Symmetric
  • Rate
  • Quality -> Size, strength, duration of pulse wave, and fullness of artery
106
Q

What are the signs of kidney failure?

A

Chronic: smaller size.

107
Q

What is the percussion sound of the horse thorax?

A

Sharp, low, sonorous, short

108
Q

What is a rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch?

A

tremor

109
Q

Which of the following is permanent data of the animal?

A
  • Species
  • Breed
  • Sex
  • Colour
  • Colour pattern
  • Nose or muzzle impression
  • Blood groups
  • Marks ->Chestnut, whorl, permanent blemishes or defects
110
Q

What colour is the mucous membrane in case of hypo-volaemic shock?

A

• Dirty red

111
Q

What to check for when you inspect the testes?

A
  • Location
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Structure
  • Surface
  • Painfulness
  • Symmetry
  • Movability
  • Consistency
  • Cryptorchidism -> testes should have descended by 6 months of age -> Sertoli cell tumour can cause hyper-oestrogenism
112
Q

LMN lesion signs:

A
  • Diminished or absent reflexes

- Decreased or absent tone

113
Q

What is false about the physical exam of kidney?

A

Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic renal diseases in dogs

There are three common causes of kidney shrinkage: congenital renal dysplasia, end stage kidney disease and chronic pyelonephritis.

114
Q

Rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch:

A

Tremor

115
Q

What is B-mode in echocardiography:

A

2D, Can show DCM and HCM.

116
Q

Part of rumen with mild tympanic sound?

A

Upper 1/3rd

117
Q

What is a Pathognomic symptom?

A

Specific. Characteristic for a particular disease. Sign whose presence means that the disease is present without any doubt.

118
Q

month-old calf:

A

Full capacity = 135-180 liters

119
Q

Instruments needed for a neurological exam?

A
  • Reflex hammer
  • Penlight
  • Arterial clamp
  • Needle
120
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

Unequal pupil size.

121
Q

What can be examined by inspection of joints?

A 
•  Angle 
•  Swelling  
•  Deformities 
•  Symmetry 
-  Skin
122
Q

Which are Methods of neurological examination?

A
  • X-ray
  • EEG (ElectroEncephalography)
  • CT (Computed Tomography)
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
  • MIR
  • Blood count
  • Pathogen detection
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
123
Q

Type of exam commonly carried out, together with ECG?

A

PhonoCardioGraphy PCG

There was a picture of an ECG reading, and a reading from the other test. Has to say what is was.

124
Q

Choose the correct statement:

A

CT is an X-ray tube that rotates around the patient to obtain multiple images that are then relayed to a computer that reconstruct the image

125
Q

What is an elevaton of the skin with fluid and volume under 1cm without epithelial surrounding?

A

• Vesicle

126
Q

What is true about the systolic heart murmur in horses:

A
  • Can be physiologic
  • Graded 1-3/6
  • Can be heard on the left side of the thorax
  • Localized and brief
  • Intensity may change with exercise

False

  • Due to ventricular filling (FALSE – it is Caused by blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery)
  • Happens in late systole (FALSE B it happens in earlyBmid systole)
  • It is crescendo (FALSE – it is crescendoBdecrescendo or decrescendo)
127
Q

What is not part of status praesens?

A

• History

128
Q

Indications for a tracheobronchoscopy?

A
  • Acute cough if an inhaled body is suspected
  • Chronic cough -> Unknown cause or does not respond to therapy
  • Unexplained abnormal breathing pattern / Lung infiltrate
  • Tracheal collapse -> Confirmation and staging
  • Chronic bronchitis -> Staging and sample collection
  • Stridor -> Not explained by larygoscopy evaluation
  • Removal of mucoid obstruction in atelectatic lung lobes
129
Q

Signs of conscious pain perception in dog? (MC)

A
  • Crying

* Biting towards the examiner

130
Q

Indications for colonoscopy:

A
  • Large bowel diarrhoea
  • Haematochezia
  • Blood in faeces
  • Increased faecal mucosa
  • Tenesmus
  • Dyschezia -> Pain during defecation
  • Palpable rectal masses
131
Q

What is true about abomasal displacement? (SC)

A

• Splashing with ballottement

132
Q

How to examine if there is free fluid and gas in right abdomen of Ruminants?

A

” Inspection -> Size, presence and grade of bloat.
“ Palpation -> Ruminal contraction at left flank.
“ Percussion -> Normal: upper 1/3- mild tympanic, ventral 2/3 –dull and in froathy bloat we here moderately tympanic “ Auscultation
“ Additional exams- Rumen fluid, rumenotomy, rectal examination

133
Q

Where does the basic clinical value belong to?

A

Status preasens

134
Q

What could cause a cardiac beat dislocation?

A
  • Pneumothorax
  • Hydrothorax
  • Abcess
  • Tumour
135
Q

What is not transcient data? (MC)

A
  • Type of coat

* Cropped/docked tail

136
Q

What can be heard in the upper region, in case of hydrothorax?

A

Splashing sound

137
Q

Transient data:

A
  • Age
  • Body weight
  • Brand marks
  • Tattoos
  • Ear tags
  • Micro-chip
138
Q

What are the reduced mental states?

A
  • Dementia
  • Stupor
  • Indolentia
  • Somnolentia
  • Delirium
  • Coma
139
Q

In which cases would you perform a biopsy?

A
  • Hereditary skin diseases
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Neoplasm
140
Q

Which part of the rumen is tympanic?

A

Upper 1/3rd -> Tympanic Lower 2/3rd -> Dull

141
Q

What sound is hear during pulmonary odema?

A

Non-musical rhonchi: Crepitation and crackling

142
Q

ECG, asked to calculate the heart rate:

A

155

143
Q

Cause of epidermal colarette?

A

Ruptured vesicle

144
Q

In dogs, left-sided heart failure can lead to:

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Coughing
  • tachypnoe
145
Q

When is RDW (Red cell Distribution Width) elevated?

A

Regenerative anaemia

146
Q

A papule is:

A

Small, solid elevation <1cm

147
Q

Acoustic impedance:

A

Density of product x Acoustic velocity

148
Q

In case of hepatopathy, AST is:

A

Useless (AST used only for muscle and tendon lab work.)

149
Q

In what kind of conditions would you hear a stronger heartbeat?

A

Thin thoracic wall

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