Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastro intestinal tract > clinical > Flashcards

clinical Flashcards

1
Q

chronic pancreatitis signs

A 
Asymptomatic
weight loss
pain 
steatorrhea
diabetes
malabsorption
jaundice
duodenal obstruction (uncommon)
upper GI haemorrhage
Men ages 30-40
long term heavy drinking 
Cystic fibrosis
gallstones
high triglycerides 
lupus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chronic pancreatitis symptoms

A

Pain exacerbated by food and alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chronic pancreatitis investigations

A 
AXR
Ultrasound
EUS 
CT
blood tests (low albumin, increased glucose, LFT)
pancreatic function tests.
faecal serum enzymes (elastase)
ERCP/MRCP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chronic pancreatitis diagnosis

A

MRCP/CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chronic pancreatitis treatment

A 
Abstinence
enzyme supplements
analgesia
coelic plexus block
ERCP for pain relief it stones or strictures
surgery 
antioxidant therapy
low fat diet and insulin in necessary

stenting, bypass, thoracoscopic, splanchnectomy, resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pancreatic carcinoma signs

A 
Hepatomegaly
jaundice
mass
tenderness
splenomegaly
Virchow’s lymphadenopathy
palpable gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pancreatic carcinoma symptoms

A 
Pain
jaundice
weight loss
anorexia, fatigue, steatorrhea
tender fat nodules
thrombophlebitis
ascites
portal hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pancreatic carcinoma investigations

A 
Blood tests & tumour markers
USS, CT, MRI
if jaundice then ERCP and stent 
if not then percutaneous biopsy
then laparoscopy/laparotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pancreatic carcinoma treatment

A

Staging; (fitness, ECg, CXR)
Often advanced disease. Radicle surgery (whipple’s). palliation of jaundice; cholechoduodensotomy
pain control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dyspepsia signs

A 
Anorexia 
Loss of weight 
Anaemia
Recent onset
Melaena
Swallowing problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dyspepsia symtpoms

A

Pain in upper abdomen, retrosternal pain. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bloating, fullness, early satiety and heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dyspepsia investigations

A 
History and examination
bloods (serology, ferritin, IgA)
drug history (steroids, nitrates, NSAIDS)
>55yrs Endoscopy 
<55 test for H. Pylori
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gastritis symptoms

A 
Nausea
bloating
Pain
vomiting
indigestion
burning 
hiccups
loss of appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gastritis investigations

A

Serology of IgG
urea breath test
ELISA stool antigen test
biopsy for rapid urease test from endoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gastritis signs

A

Vomiting blood

black stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peptic ulcer pains and signs

A 
Epigastric pain
nocturnal hunger 
nausea, vomiting
weight loss
anorexia
haematemesis, melaena or anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peptic ulcer investigations

A

endoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peptic ulcer treatment

A

Eradication therapy
antacid medication (omeprazole, PPI)
cease NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

peptic ulcer complications

A

Bleeding, perforation

Fibrosis, strictures, obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gastric outlet obstruction symtpoms and signs

A

Vomiting fermented food, early satiety, distension, weight loss, gastric splash, dehydration, alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gastric outlet obstruction investigations

A

Bloods; low Cl, Na, K renal impairment

Endoscopy, aspiration of gastric contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gastric outlet obstruction treatment

A

Endoscopic balloon dilatation surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gastric cancer pathology

A

Adenocarcinomas

maybe GALT or GIST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gastric cancer symtpoms and signs

A

Dyspepsia, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, GI bleeding, iron deficiency, gastric outlet obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gastric cancer investigations

A

Staging; CT MDT discussion regarding fitness, imaging

Endoscopy and biopsy to make a histological diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gastric cancer treatment

A

chemo and surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ulcerative colitis signs

A

Fever >37

tachycardia >90/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ulcerative colitis symptoms

A

Bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ulcerative colitis investigations

A 
Albumin <30g/;
Hb <10g/dl 
raised CRP
blood tests 
stool calprotectin
biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ulcerative colitis diagnosis

A

frequency >6 stools a day/blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ulcerative coliti treatment

A 
Surveillance colonoscopy 
5ASA, then prednisone, then immunomodulators, then biologic agents then surgery
nutritional support
total colectomy
ileostomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ulcerative colitis complications

A

Colonic carcinoma
haemorrhage
perforation
toxic dilatation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Crohn’s disease symptoms and signs

A

Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, low grade fever, malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Crohn’s disease investigations

A

Blood tests
stool calprotectin
biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Crohn’s disease diagnosis

A

Presence of non-caseating granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Crohn’s disease treatment

A 
Steroids 
(5ASA?)
thiopurines
methotrexate
immunosuppressants
biologics (anti TNF alpha) 
elemental feeding 
antibiotics for peri anal disease 
resection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Crohn’s disease complications

A 
Cancer
strictures
malabsorption
fistula
abscesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

ischaemic enteritis symtpoms

A

Gut pain

bloody diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ischaemic enteritis signs

A 
60
constipation
atherosclerosis 
hypotension
blood clots 
blockage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ischaemic enteritis investigations

A

Ct angiogram
stool sample
colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ischaemic enteritis diagnosis

A

colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ischaemic enteritis treatment

A

IV fluids
antibiotics
surgery
colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

colorectal cancer symtpoms and signs

A

Right sided; anaemia, polypoid, vague pain, weakness, obstruction
left sided; annular, bleeding, altered bowel habit, obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

colorectal cancer investigations

A 
FOBT
sigmoidoscopy 
barium colonoscopy enema 
digital rectal exam 
fecal occult blood testing
CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

colorectal cancer treatment

A

Surgery
post op chemo
radiotherapy for rectal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis pathology and aetiology

A

Aerobic gram negative organisms

Endotoxins in ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis signs and symptoms

A

Abdominal pain, fever, rigors, renal impairment, sepsis, tachycardia, temperature.
Jaundice, encephalopathy,
infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

investigations for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

A

Ascitic tap; fluid proteins, cultures and WCC
neutrophil count >0.25109
protein <25g/L

49
Q

treatment for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

A

IV antibiotics, ascitic fluid drainage, IV albumin infusion

50
Q

alcoholic hepatitis symptoms

A 
Loss of appetite 
nausea 
abdominal tenderness 
vomiting 
fever
fatigue
weakness
51
Q

alcoholic hepatitis signs

A

Ascites
confusion
liver and kidney failure

52
Q

alcoholic hepatitis investigations and diagnosis

A

Low albumin, raised prothrombin time
Raised bilirubin
raised GGT and AlkP
alcohol history and exclusion of other causes.

Glasgow hepatitis score

53
Q

alcoholic hepatitis treatment

A 
Supportive
treat infection
treat encephalopathy
treat alcohol withdrawal
protect against GI bleeds
airway protection and ITU. Nutritional support, thiamine. Frequent high energy feeds. 
only steroids of severe enough (>9).
54
Q

fatty liver steatosis to steatohepatitis investigations

A

USS, biopsy, raised Alanine amino transferase

55
Q

fatty liver steatosis to steatohepatitis complications

A

1/4 cirrhosis

56
Q

radiation colitis symptoms

A

Anorexia, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, malabsorption

57
Q

radiation colitis investigations

A 
Complete blood count
bile acid conc.
b12 absorption 
acid breath test
lactose intolerance test 
colonoscopy CT MRI
58
Q

appendicitis signs and symptoms

A 
Dull pain
vomiting 
swelling
fever 
unable to pass gas
painful urination
cramps
diarrhoea
59
Q

appendicitis investigations

A 
Rectal exam 
urine test 
blood test
CT 
US
60
Q

appendicitis management

A

appendectomy

61
Q

hepatic encephalopathy signs

A

Hyperventilation
decreased body temperature
tremor
bradykineasia

62
Q

hepatic encephalopathy investigations

A

Elevated blood ammonia
EEG
CT

63
Q

hepatic encephalopathy treatment

A

Bowel clear out, lactulose, enema, antibiotics. Support through ITU, airways and nasogastric tubes

64
Q

liver failure symptoms

A 
Confusion to coma 
Nausea
loss of appetite
fatigue
diarrhoea
sleepy
65
Q

liver failure signs

A 
Jaundice
bleeding easily
swollen  
mental changes
coma
66
Q

investigations for liver failure

A 
AST:ALT
GGT 
ALP
LDH
platelets 
USS
bilirubin
albumin
prothrombin 
creatine
67
Q

liver failure treatment

A

liver transplant

68
Q

acute liver injury signs and symptoms

A 
Jaundice
pain
abdominal swelling
nausea
vomiting
malaise
disorientation
sleepy
69
Q

acute liver injury investigations

A 
AST:ALT
GGT 
ALP
LDH
platelets 
USS
bilirubin
albumin
prothrombin 
creatine
70
Q

acute liver injury treatment

A

Poison reversal
antibiotics
liver transplant
prevent severe bleeding

71
Q

cholestasis investigations

A 
Bile acid 
ALT
ultrasound 
autoimmune screen
virology screen
72
Q

cholestasis treatment

A

Dietary substitution
vitamins
surgery
ursodeoxycholic acid

73
Q

primary biliary cholangitis investigations

A

Raised serum alkaline phosphatase and anti-mitochondrial auto-antibody

74
Q

primary biliary cholangitis diagnosis

A

MRCP
ERCP
US

75
Q

primary biliary cholangitis treatment

A

Fibrates
urseodeoxycholic acid
liver transplant
antihistamines for itching

76
Q

cholangio carcinoma symptoms

A

Obstructive jaundice (itching, painful, non-specific

77
Q

cholangiocarcinoma investigations

A

Lab, radiology, angiography, ERCP, cytology.

78
Q

cholangiocarcinoma treatment

A

Surgical only curative option

Palliative; bypass, stenting, chemotherapy, PDT.

79
Q

cirrhosis symptoms

A 
Leg swelling 
spider naevi
poor appetite
sickness 
weakness
weight loss
nosebleeds
hair loss
ascites
forgetfullness
jaundice
80
Q

cirrhosis investigations

A

US

81
Q

cirrhosis treatment

A

Liver transplant

treat underlying cause

82
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux signs

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, vomiting Alarm features

83
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux diagnosis

A

Diagnosed on characteristic symptoms

however an endoscopy may be performed

84
Q

gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment

A

Lifestyle measures
pharmacological; alginates, H2RA, proton pump inhibitors

anti-reflux surgery if a anatomical cause or refractory

85
Q

achalasia symptoms

A

Progressive dysphagia for solids and liquids, weight loss, chest pain, regurgitation and chest pain

86
Q

achalasia investigations

A

Manometry

endoscopy

87
Q

achalasia treatment

A

Pharmacological; nitrates, calcium channel blockers
endoscopic; botulinum toxin, pneumatic balloon dilatation
radiological balloon dilatation
surgical myotomy

88
Q

achalasia complications

A

Aspiration pneumonia
lung disease
squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

hypermotility sigs and symptoms

A

Severe episodic chest pain with dysphagia

90
Q

hypermotility investigations

A

Manometry, Ba swallow

91
Q

hypermotility treatment

A

Smooth muscle relaxants

92
Q

oesophageal cancer symptoms and signs

A 
Progressive dysphagia
weight loss
anorexia
chest pain
cough 
Pneumonia
vocal cord paralysis
haematemesis
93
Q

oesophageal cancer investigations

A

Staging by CT, endoscopic ultrasound, PET scan and bone scan.

94
Q

oesophageal cancer diagnosis

A

Diagnosis by endoscopy and biopsy

95
Q

oesophageal cancer treatment

A

Surgical oesophagectomy, either adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy
nutritional support
if non-operable then radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

palliation; endoscopic, chemo, radio, brachytherapy

96
Q

Eosinophilic oesophagitis symptoms

A

Dysphagia

food bolus obstruction

97
Q

eosinophilic oesophagitis investigations

A

endoscopy

98
Q

eosinophilic oesophagitis diagnosis

A

Eosinophilic infiltration upon microscopy of biopsy

99
Q

eosinophilic oesophagitis treatment

A

Topical/swallowed corticosteroids
dietary elimination
endoscopic dilatation

100
Q

barrett’s oesophagus symptoms

A 
Heartburn
dysphagia
vomiting blood
pain
weight loss
loss of appetite
101
Q

barrett’s oesophagus investigation

A

endoscopy

102
Q

barrett’s oesophagus treatment

A

Endoscopic mucosal resection
radio-frequency ablation
oesphagectomy

103
Q

gallstones symtpoms

A

Asymptomatic
dyspeptic symptoms
biliary colic
jaundice (maybe obstructive, painful

104
Q

gallstone investigations

A

Blood tests, USS, EUS, cholecystography, CT, radioisotope scan, IV cholangiography, MRCP, PTC, ERCP

105
Q

gallstone treatment

A

Asymptomatic

non-operative (dissolution, lithotripsy (risky)). Operative; laparoscopic cholecystectomy

106
Q

gallstone complications

A

Empyema
perforation
acute pancreatitis

107
Q

coeliac disease investigations

A 
IgG
Serology
IgA
distal dueodenal biopsy
HLA
108
Q

coeliac disease diagnosis

A

Gold standard is distal duodenal biopsy

109
Q

coeliac disease treatment

A

Withdraw gluten refer to dietitian

110
Q

bile duct obstruction symtpoms

A 
Dark urine
itching
nausea
vomiting
fever
light coloured stool
111
Q

bile duct obstructions signs

A

Jaundice, steatorrhea, weight loss

112
Q

bile duct obstruction investigations

A 
Blood test
MRI
x-ray
MRCP
ERCP
radionuclide scan
113
Q

acute pancreatitis symptoms

A 
Bending forward aids discomfort temporarily. 
pyrexia
dehydration
circulatory failure 
abdominal tenderness
114
Q

acute pancreatitis signs

A

Intense Upper abdominal pain. Vomiting, nausea. Anorexia. Diarrhoea. Radiation to back.
collapse.

115
Q

acute pancreatitis investigations

A 
Elevation of serum amylase
ERCP 
EUS
blood tests 
AXR
CT (contrast)
LFT
ABG
116
Q

acute pancreatitis diagnosis

A 
Glasgow criteria; 
PaO2 <8kPa
Age 55 
Neutrophils 15*109/l
Calcium <2mmol/l
renal function urea >16 mmol/l
enzymes: AST/ALT >200iu/L  or LDH >600iu/L
albumin < 32g/l
sugar: glucose >10mmol/L 
>3 criteria 
also CRP>150 mg/l
117
Q

acute pancreatitis treatment

A

Analgesia, I.V fluids. Blood transfusion. Monitor urine. Naso-gastric tube. O2, maybe insulin. Nutritional support.
aspiration for necrosis. Cholecystectomy if gallstones.
support CV, resp. and renal
monitor BP, pulse, CVP
lipid lowering drugs
surgery; resection if malignancy,

118
Q

acute pancreatitis complications

A 
Mutlii-organ failure
necrosis 
abscess (drain + antibiotics) 
pseudocyst (endoscopic drainage) – jaundice, infection, haemorrhage, rupture. 
Sepsis

Gastro intestinal tract (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions