ClinChem by Rodriguez (Definition of Terms) Flashcards
A chronic metabolic condition characterized by gradual, marked enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to overproduction of growth hormone.
Acromegaly
A mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes
Active transport
A life-threatening condition caused by partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function, often resulting from autoimmune processes, infection, neoplasm, or hemorrhage in the gland
Addison’s disease
This refers to the length of the electronic vector at maximum peal height.
Amplitude
This is a disease in which a waxy, starch-like glycoprotein accumulates in tissues and organs impairing their function
Amyloidosis
The absence of major portion of the brain
Anencephaly
The inert form of angiotensin and is formed from the action of renin on angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
This is a polypeptide occurring in the blood causing vasoconstriction, stimulating the reabsorption of sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule, increased blood pressure, and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin II
This is a method of measuring iron and lead by plating the metal and then oxidizing
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
This is a plasminogen-like protein found in a proatherogenic lipoprotein particle called lipoprotein (a)
Apo (a)
The protein portion of the enzyme-cofactor complex subject to denaturation in which the enzyme loses its activity
Apoenzyme
This is a common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls resulting in a decreased blood supply, especially to the cerebrum and lower extremities
Arteriosclerosis
A chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers that results in the development of alveolar, interstitial, and pleural fibrosis
Asbestosis
This is a kind of arteriosclerosis in which deposits of yellowish plaques containing lipid material and lipophages are formed within the intima and inner media of large- and medium-sized arteries
Atherosclerosis
This facilitates the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells into HDL. This is also important for uptake of cholesterol by nascent HDL.
ATP-binding cassette protein A-1 (ABCA1)
This is a hormone secreted by the cardiac atria during acute and chronic volume and pressure overload. It enhances salt and water excretion and inhibits aldosterone secretion.
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
This is a hormone produced by the ventricles in response to increased blood volume and hydrostatic pressure.
B-type natriuretic peptide
The total range of wavelengths transmitted
Bandpass
This resembles diuretic use except that hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction.
Bartter’s syndrome
This represents the base concentration of whole blood on titration with strong acid to pH 7.4 at pCO2 of 40mmHg at 37°C. This also indicates an excess of HCO3 or relative deficit of non-carbonic acid.
Base excess
This involves analysis of serum samples by dual wavelength system to minimize the effect of interferences (triglyceride, bilirubin) on the substance of interest.
Bichromatic analysis
A fluid secreted by the liver, concentrated in the gall bladder, and helps in the emulsification, absorption and digestion of fat
Bile
The extent to which a drug can be successfully absorbed from the GIT and be therapeutically active
Bioavailability
A special type of sensor in which a biological component capable of interacting with the analyte and producing a signal proportional to the analyte concentration.
Biosensor
The blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay
Blanking technique
Weak acid or base and their related salts which minimizes any changes in hydrogen ion concentration
Buffer
The sum of concentration of buffer anions present in whole blood, principally of bicarbonate, phosphate, hemoglobin, and plasma protein that will titrate hydrogen ions
Buffer base
Light produced as a result of a chemical reaction. This requires no excitation radiation and no monochromators.
Chemiluminescence
An abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve in patients who are hypocalcemic. This is also a sign of tetany.
Chvostek’s sign
A chronic degenerative disease of the liver in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue, the parenchyma degenerates and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.
Cirrhosis
A pattern based on a 24-hour cycle, especially the repetition of certain physiologic event such as sleeping and eating
Circadian rhythm
These are based on the analysis of reference values from several groups of individuals and thus are used for the purpose of differential diagnosis
Clinical decision limits
This is a compound that decreases the release of catecholamines from sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Clonidine
This is a method where the human eye serves as the detector. The user compares the observed color of the unknown sample against a standard or a series of colored standards of known concentrations.
Colorimeter
The range of values described as the mean +/- some number of SD forming the basis of statistical rules for acceptance and rejection of quality control values.
Confidence (SI) interval
This is an abnormal condition that may affect the arteries of the heart as a result of the formation of the plaque made up of lipid. Reduced oxygen flow and nutrient to the myocardium are the important complications.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
These are chemicals which can cause injury or irritation to the skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or ingested
Corrosive chemicals
This disorder is related to repetitive pipetting, keyboard use or resting their wrists/arms on sharp edges
Cumulative trauma disorder
This is also known as pituitary-induced adrenal hyperplasia and is having plasma ACTH at or above the upper reference interval at 9:00 and fail to show the expected fall after midnight.
Cushing’s disease
This is obtained when AST is divided by ALT in the same serum sample; it is used to distinguish various clinical conditions in which both AST and ALT can be elevated to different degrees
De Ritis ratio
A potent glucocorticoid that strongly suppresses normal pituitary ACTH secretion
Dexamethasone
This is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus in which urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium and sodium results in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance, extremely high blood glucose levels and the breakdown of free fatty acid causing acidosis often with coma
Diabetic ketoacidosis
This is the passive movement of ions across a membrane. It depends on the size and charge of the ion being transported and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing
Diffusion
This is the process by which a liquid is vaporized and condensed to purify or concentrate a substance or separate a volatile substance from less volatile substance
Distillation
This is an abnormal congenital condition characterized by progressive symmetric wasting of the leg and pelvic muscles and affects predominantly males
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
This is a type of hazard related to the development of musculoskeletal disorders as a result of clinical laboratory work. This is due to repetitive twisting, lifting, or assuming static postures for an extended period of time. It is also due to the functionality of the workplace.
Ergonomic hazard
These are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body: linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids
Essential fatty acids
A process wherein cholesterol combines with an alcohol with elimination of a water molecule forming an ester
Esterification
A group of disorder including renal tubular dysfunction, glycosuria, phosphaturia, and bicarbonate wasting. This condition is often marked by osteomalacia, acidosis, and hypokalemia.
Fanconi’s syndrome
A storage form of iron which is produced by the combination of the remaining iron retained within the cell and the protein apoferritin
Ferritin
This protein is important in assessing the status of the liver, especially in case of shock.
Fibronectin
A type of AAS in which the element is converted to a vapor phase without the use of a flame
Flameless AAS
The temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air
Flash point
This measures light patterns produced as particles pass single file through a laser light beam. This is used to count and sort cells and is also a key component of hematology analyzers and technology used to differentiate white blood cells.
Flow cytometer
This refers to the number of oscillations of the waveform in a second
Frequency (v)
The amount of the unbound, active thyroid hormone, thyroxine-circulating in the blood.
Free thyroxine
This is a rare, familial disorder of fat metabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency
Gaucher’s disease
This is a diffuse inflammatory disease characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, high blood pressure, and edema
Glomerulonephritis
Are sugar containing lipids that consists of a sphingosine molecule that has a fatty acid attached to its amino group and a sugar linked to the primary alcohol group
Glycolipids
A genetic defect of an enzyme WNK disease, called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, causing increase NaCl transport in the distal convoluted tubule, resulting in hypertension and defect in potassium secretion. It is characterized by low plasma renin and high aldosterone.
Gordon’s syndrome
An epileptic seizure characterized by a generalized involuntary muscular contraction and cessation of respiratory followed by tonic-clonic muscle spasms
Grand mal seizures
This is most common complication of venipuncture that is caused by blood leaking into the tissues during or following venipuncture and is identified by rapid swelling at or near the venipuncture site.
Hematoma
This is a disease of iron metabolism, characterized by excess iron deposits throughout the body.
Hemochromatosis
This states that the partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture
Henry’s Law
This is the unit of frequency, which corresponds to one cycle per second
Hertz (Hz)
A malignant disorder characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue, usually first evident in cervical lymph nodes, splenomegaly, and the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin’s disease
A relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival
Homeostasis
This is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from a deficiency of iduronidase resulting to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomes; a mucopolysaccharide storage disease. Excess heparin sulfate is excreted in urine.
Hurler’s syndrome
Increased carbon dioxide accumulation in the bloodstream
Hypercapnia
Abnormally increased pulmonary ventilation, resulting in reduction of CO2 tension, which if prolonged may lead to alkalosis.
Hyperventilation
Is a biorhythm with time periods that are longer than 24 hours
Infradian rhythms
A dye test for hepatic excretory function
Indocyanin green
A process that removes ions to produce mineral-free deionized water. It is achieved by the passing of feed water through columns containing insoluble resin polymers that exchange hydrogen and hydroxyl ions for the impurities present in ionized form in the water.
Ion exchange
A group of 4 standards with the general purpose of promoting principles of quality management and quality assurance into the manufacturing and service industries.
ISO 9000
Absence of the sense of smell because of agenesis of the olfactory bulbs and secondary hypogonadism
Kallman’s syndrome
Involves separation and analysis of individual chromosomes photographed during the metaphase of mitosis. It uses giemsa and quinacrine as reagents.
Karyotyping
A pigmented ring around the iris as a result of accumulation of copper
Kayser-Fleischer ring