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ACC S23 > CLIN PATH - Exam 3 > Flashcards

CLIN PATH - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, is conjugated by the liver, and is secreted in bile?

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

what is/are made of liver cells from cholesterol, aid in fat absorption and are released from the gall bladder with feedings?

A

bile acids

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3
Q

the ALT test is the enzyme used to evaluate the ___ in dogs and cats

A

liver

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4
Q

which organ produces the majority of plasma proteins

A

liver

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5
Q

elevated serum bile acids (SBA) would indicate a problem with ___

A

impairment of hepatobiliary system

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6
Q

sorbitol (iditol) dehydrogenase (SD or SDH) is the liver enzyme of choice for ___

A

horses and cattle

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7
Q

which are the most commonly performed plasma protein assays in veterinary medicine

A

TP, albumin, fibrinogen

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8
Q

which best describes cholestasis?

A

a condition in which obstruction of the bile duct leads to a reduced or nonexistent flow of bile from the liver or gall bladder

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9
Q

which tests are the only readily available tests for enzymes released from damaged liver cells

A

ALT and AST

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10
Q

in young animals, which enzyme comes from the osteoblasts and chondroblasts in developing bone?

A

AlkPhos (AP)

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11
Q

the veterinarian suspects renal dysfunction in an 8y/o dog. which of the following blood chemistry results would be the primary indicators of renal problems

A

BUN and creatinine

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12
Q

decreased BUN levels can occur in a blood sample that has set too long without refrigeration due to which of the following

A

contamination with urease-producing bacteria

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13
Q

which organ stores bile acids and releases bile acids after a meal

A

gallbladder

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14
Q

a cat is 10% dehydrated and has an elevated BUN and creatinine levels. which is another term for the increased BUN/creatinine concentration

A

azotemia

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15
Q

what percentage of the kidney tissue must be damaged before the blood creatinine levels are affected?

A

75%

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16
Q

tests of adrenocortical function are ___

A

ACTH response test and dexamethasone suppression test

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17
Q

the second most common anion of the blood and an important part of the buffering system of the blood is ___

A

bicarobonate

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18
Q

with a depressed RR, ___ CO2 is eliminated leading to ___

A

less, hypercapnia

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19
Q

what is another word for addison’s disease

A

hypoadrenocorticism

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20
Q

the two main hormones secreted by pancreatic cells in the islets of Langerhans are ___ and ___

A

insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

the adrenal axis starts with the ___

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

the normal pH of blood is ___

A

7.35-7.45

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23
Q

when doing a low dose dexamethasone suppression test, for what substance in the serum will the lab be testing

A

cortisol

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24
Q

digestive enzyme supplements are fed to dogs with a deficiency of the ___

A

pancreas

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25
Q

CK is primarily produced by

A

striated muscle

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26
Q

the gland that is evaluated by measurement of blood levels of T3 and T4 is the ___

A

thyroid gland

27
Q

what type of cells make up about 80% of the islets of Langerhans and are responsible for the release of insulin

A

beta cells

28
Q

which organ is the primary source of amylase production

A

pancreas

29
Q

the veterinarian has requested an analysis of electrolytes and blood gases. What is the best type of sample to collect for this analysis

A

arterial sample

30
Q

which is the major cation of plasma and the extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

sodium

31
Q

calcium concentrations in the blood are inversely related to which electrolyte

A

inorganic phosphorus

32
Q

in which species is thyroid disease manifested as hyperfunctional

A

cat

33
Q

this term for hemoglobin that is bound to O2 is ___

A

oxyhemoglobin

34
Q

the group of values for a particular blood constituent derived when a laboratory has repeatedly assayed samples from a significant number of clinically normal animals of a given species, is called the ___

A

reference range

35
Q

which of the following is not considered to be a liver assay

A

amylase

36
Q

when administering ACTH for a stimulation test, what would be the appropriate response to measure

A

increasing cortisol levels

37
Q

which plasma protein assay component compromises approximately 35% to 50% of the total plasma protein values in most animals

A

albumin

38
Q

which of the following plasma protein assay components is not found in serum

A

fibrinogen

39
Q

total protein concentrations of the plasma can be affected by ___

A

altered hepatic synthesis, altered protein distribution, altered protein breakdown or excretion, dehydration/overhydration
(ALL OF THE ABOVE)

40
Q

a significant state of hypoproteinemia in an animal is most likely caused by a sufficient loss of of which of the following

A

albumin

41
Q

the most common urinary calculi found in dogs and cats are

A

triple phosphate / struvite

42
Q

an enzyme that can be measured in serum and peritoneal fluid and is useful in helping diagnose colic cases is

A

lactate

43
Q

CK is one of the most organ specific enzymes available for evaluation and is used to evaluate damaged ___

A

muscle

44
Q

t/f: hypercapnia can lead to respiratory alkalosis

A

FALSE

45
Q

what two body systems work together to maintain acid-base balance in the body

A

respiratory and renal

46
Q

name 4 chemical analyses or tests that are used to evaluate liver function

A

ALT, AST, iditol dehydrogenase, ALP, GGT, Bilirubin, bile acids, glutamate glutamyltransferase

47
Q

give 1 clinical sign or physical exam finding that could be seen in an animal that is hypoproteinemic

A

edema, ascites, diarrhea, weight loss, clotting problems, lethargy

48
Q

list 3 functions of plasma proteins

A

blood coag, acid/base buffer, hormones
maintain osmotic pressure
form structural matrix
enzymes
defend body against pathogens
transport/carrier molecule

49
Q

what is the main source of creatinine (where does it come from)?

A

skeletal muscle

50
Q

what color change/condition is associated with elevated bilirubin

A

icterus

51
Q

explain how dehydration can alter BUN levels

A

UREA FOLLOWS WATER
no water excreted = excess urea

52
Q

why is fructosamine testing significant?
why would this test be helpful in monitoring certain patients?

A

Fructosamine provides an indication of the average serum glucose over 1 to 2 weeks.

An increased fructosamine means there is a consistent hyperglycemia. It is helpful when diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients

53
Q

of the two body systems that work together to maintain acid-base balance, the ___ system responds immediately, but the ___ system can take several days to correct abnormalities

A

respiratory, renal

54
Q

what is the difference between serum and plasma

A

plasma is the fluid part of whole blood (contains fibrinogen)
serum is the fluid part of clotted blood (contains fibrin)

55
Q

what may occur if a serum sample is centrifuged at a higher speed or for a longer period than recommended

A

hemolysis

56
Q

what is the expected test result for an 18y/o cat that is 7% dehydrated

A

increased TP

57
Q

which of the following aid in fat absorption and modulate cholesterol levels

A

bile acids

58
Q

which is the preferred enzyme test to confirm cholestasis in a dog

A

AlkPhos

59
Q

what is the term used for the portion of the pancreas that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion

A

acinar

60
Q

which kidney function test should not be run if the patient is dehydrated or has azotemia

A

water deprivation test

61
Q

if an animal presents appearing to be hypoxic, which of the following levels would be increased

A

lactate

62
Q

which term represents the irreversible action of glucose bound to protein

A

fructosamine

63
Q

is bilirubin considered conjugated or unconjugated before it enters the liver

A

unconjugated

64
Q

what does the term plumbism refer to

A

lead poisoning

ACC S23 (2 decks)

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