CLIN PATH - Exam 3 Flashcards by Amariah Castillo

what is derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin, is conjugated by the liver, and is secreted in bile?

bilirubin

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what is/are made of liver cells from cholesterol, aid in fat absorption and are released from the gall bladder with feedings?

bile acids

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the ALT test is the enzyme used to evaluate the ___ in dogs and cats

liver

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which organ produces the majority of plasma proteins

liver

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elevated serum bile acids (SBA) would indicate a problem with ___

impairment of hepatobiliary system

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sorbitol (iditol) dehydrogenase (SD or SDH) is the liver enzyme of choice for ___

horses and cattle

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which are the most commonly performed plasma protein assays in veterinary medicine

TP, albumin, fibrinogen

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which best describes cholestasis?

a condition in which obstruction of the bile duct leads to a reduced or nonexistent flow of bile from the liver or gall bladder

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which tests are the only readily available tests for enzymes released from damaged liver cells

ALT and AST

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in young animals, which enzyme comes from the osteoblasts and chondroblasts in developing bone?

AlkPhos (AP)

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the veterinarian suspects renal dysfunction in an 8y/o dog. which of the following blood chemistry results would be the primary indicators of renal problems

BUN and creatinine

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decreased BUN levels can occur in a blood sample that has set too long without refrigeration due to which of the following

contamination with urease-producing bacteria

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which organ stores bile acids and releases bile acids after a meal

gallbladder

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a cat is 10% dehydrated and has an elevated BUN and creatinine levels. which is another term for the increased BUN/creatinine concentration

azotemia

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what percentage of the kidney tissue must be damaged before the blood creatinine levels are affected?

75%

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tests of adrenocortical function are ___

ACTH response test and dexamethasone suppression test

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the second most common anion of the blood and an important part of the buffering system of the blood is ___

bicarobonate

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with a depressed RR, ___ CO2 is eliminated leading to ___

less, hypercapnia

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what is another word for addison’s disease

hypoadrenocorticism

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the two main hormones secreted by pancreatic cells in the islets of Langerhans are ___ and ___

insulin and glucagon

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the adrenal axis starts with the ___

hypothalamus

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the normal pH of blood is ___

7.35-7.45

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when doing a low dose dexamethasone suppression test, for what substance in the serum will the lab be testing

cortisol

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digestive enzyme supplements are fed to dogs with a deficiency of the ___

pancreas

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CK is primarily produced by

striated muscle

the gland that is evaluated by measurement of blood levels of T3 and T4 is the ___

thyroid gland

what type of cells make up about 80% of the islets of Langerhans and are responsible for the release of insulin

beta cells

which organ is the primary source of amylase production

pancreas

the veterinarian has requested an analysis of electrolytes and blood gases. What is the best type of sample to collect for this analysis

arterial sample

which is the major cation of plasma and the extracellular fluid (ECF)

sodium

calcium concentrations in the blood are inversely related to which electrolyte

inorganic phosphorus

in which species is thyroid disease manifested as hyperfunctional

cat

this term for hemoglobin that is bound to O2 is ___

oxyhemoglobin

the group of values for a particular blood constituent derived when a laboratory has repeatedly assayed samples from a significant number of clinically normal animals of a given species, is called the ___

reference range

which of the following is not considered to be a liver assay

amylase

when administering ACTH for a stimulation test, what would be the appropriate response to measure

increasing cortisol levels

which plasma protein assay component compromises approximately 35% to 50% of the total plasma protein values in most animals

albumin

which of the following plasma protein assay components is not found in serum

fibrinogen

total protein concentrations of the plasma can be affected by ___

altered hepatic synthesis, altered protein distribution, altered protein breakdown or excretion, dehydration/overhydration (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

a significant state of hypoproteinemia in an animal is most likely caused by a sufficient loss of of which of the following

albumin

the most common urinary calculi found in dogs and cats are

triple phosphate / struvite

an enzyme that can be measured in serum and peritoneal fluid and is useful in helping diagnose colic cases is

lactate

CK is one of the most organ specific enzymes available for evaluation and is used to evaluate damaged ___

muscle

t/f: hypercapnia can lead to respiratory alkalosis

FALSE

what two body systems work together to maintain acid-base balance in the body

respiratory and renal

name 4 chemical analyses or tests that are used to evaluate liver function

ALT, AST, iditol dehydrogenase, ALP, GGT, Bilirubin, bile acids, glutamate glutamyltransferase

give 1 clinical sign or physical exam finding that could be seen in an animal that is hypoproteinemic

edema, ascites, diarrhea, weight loss, clotting problems, lethargy

list 3 functions of plasma proteins

blood coag, acid/base buffer, hormones maintain osmotic pressure form structural matrix enzymes defend body against pathogens transport/carrier molecule

what is the main source of creatinine (where does it come from)?

skeletal muscle

what color change/condition is associated with elevated bilirubin

icterus

explain how dehydration can alter BUN levels

UREA FOLLOWS WATER no water excreted = excess urea

why is fructosamine testing significant? why would this test be helpful in monitoring certain patients?

Fructosamine provides an indication of the average serum glucose over 1 to 2 weeks. An increased fructosamine means there is a consistent hyperglycemia. It is helpful when diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients

of the two body systems that work together to maintain acid-base balance, the ___ system responds immediately, but the ___ system can take several days to correct abnormalities

respiratory, renal

what is the difference between serum and plasma

plasma is the fluid part of whole blood (contains fibrinogen) serum is the fluid part of clotted blood (contains fibrin)

what may occur if a serum sample is centrifuged at a higher speed or for a longer period than recommended

hemolysis

what is the expected test result for an 18y/o cat that is 7% dehydrated

increased TP

which of the following aid in fat absorption and modulate cholesterol levels

bile acids

which is the preferred enzyme test to confirm cholestasis in a dog

AlkPhos

what is the term used for the portion of the pancreas that secretes enzymes necessary for digestion

acinar

which kidney function test should not be run if the patient is dehydrated or has azotemia

water deprivation test

if an animal presents appearing to be hypoxic, which of the following levels would be increased

lactate

which term represents the irreversible action of glucose bound to protein

fructosamine

is bilirubin considered conjugated or unconjugated before it enters the liver

unconjugated

what does the term plumbism refer to

lead poisoning