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DWT exam 2 > clin path > Flashcards

clin path Flashcards

1
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

give rise to RBCs, platelets, leukocytes

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2
Q

lymphoid stem cell

A

gives rise to lymphocytes

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3
Q

basophil morphology

A

segemented nucleus
granular
basophilic (blue/purple)
rare

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4
Q

relative differential count

A

do not make interpretations from relative percentages

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5
Q

absolute differential count

A

/ul
use this for making interpretations

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6
Q

corrected WBC (cWBC)

A

know this formula
use when nRBC is above reference interval (1-5)

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7
Q

impedence WBC count

A

WBC impedence count (WIC) must be corrected for nRBCs
use when nRBC is above reference interval (1-5)

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8
Q

optical WBC count

A

WBC optical count (WOC)
does NOT need to be corrected for nRBC

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9
Q

covert relative WBC to absolute

A

(WBC relative %) x (total WBC count) = absolute WBC count

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10
Q

how long does proliferation/maturation take in the bone marrow?

A

5 days

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11
Q

how long are neutrophils in the blood?

A

10-12hrs

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12
Q

how long are neutrophils in the tissues?

A

< 2 days

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13
Q

marginal vs circulating WBCs

A

WBCs that stick to/roll over the walls of vessels
not measured in blood draws

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14
Q

dogs and cats vs cattle and horses neutrophil storage

A

dogs and cats have more neut storage in marrow

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15
Q

neutrophil regenerative left shift

A

neutrophilia
increased bands (more immature)
overall more segmented neuts than bands

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16
Q

degenerative neutrophil left shift

A

more bands than segmented neutrophils
neutropenia
segmented neutrophils are being used up somewhere
overwhelming inflammation

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17
Q

neutrophil deep left shift

A

can see metamyelocytes or myelocytes (band neutrophil precursors)

18
Q

toxic neutrophils

A

early release of neutrophils before maturation is finished

19
Q

order of toxicity of WBC

A
  1. diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia (due to greater amt of RNA)
  2. Dhole bodies: blue/grey amorphous cytoplasmic inclusions
  3. toxic vacuolization
  4. toxic granulation (dust like purple to dark pink)
  5. donut shaped nucleus
  6. giant neutrophil (rare)
20
Q

3 main causes of neutrophilia

A
  1. stress (cortisol mediated)
  2. excitment/physiologic (epinephrine mediated)
  3. inflammation
21
Q

stress neutrophilia

A

MILD neutrophilia
increased cortisol levels (stress, exogenous glucocorticoids, neoplasia)
* storage pool of neutrophils released
* downregulate adhesion molecules and marginal neuts become circulating

no bands, no left shift, no toxicity
also decreased lymphocytes, increased glucose
increased ALP (only in dogs)

22
Q

excitement/physiologic neutrophilia

A

mild neutrophilia
* neuts moved from marginal to circulating
* splenic contraction

no left shift
increased lymphs, RBCs, platelets, glucose
fairly transitory, fight/flight response

23
Q

inflammatory neutrophilia

A

maturation and storage stores released from bone marrow
recruit marginal pool into area of inflammation
myeloid hyperplasia

left shift, toxic neutrophils
lymphocytosis (if chronic), hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia

24
Q

leukemoid response

A

neutrophil numbers > 50,000/ul (highly increased)
subtype of chronic inflammation
causes:
* IMHA: tissue hypoxia, necrosis
* 5 P’s: Pus, peritonitis, pyothorax, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, paraneoplastic
* hepatozoonosis infection

leukemia-like

25
Q

paraneoplastic

A

inflammation from cancer producing inflammatory cytokines
rare

26
Q

inflammation without neutrophilia

A

normal neut numbers with left shift, toxicity

27
Q

inflammatory neutropenia

A

more neuts are used than can be produced
caused by:
* severe infection/sepsis
* overwhelming acute inflammation (ruminants, horses not as serious)

Left shift, toxic neuts
bands > neuts

28
Q

decreased production neutropenia

A

**myelosuppressive agents **
* Viruses: FeLV, parvovirus
* Bacteria: Ehrlichia
* Drugs: Chemotherapy
* Toxins: Plants
* Idiopathic: Autoantibodies

myelophthisis (Myelitis, Leukemia, Myelofibrosis)
no left shift, no toxicity
decreased production of marrow cells

29
Q

sequestration neutropenia

A

seen with endotoxemia from gr - bacteria
endotoxin causes acute inflammatory response

he mostly skipped this

30
Q

primary lymphoid tissue

A

bone marrow (B cells), thymus (T cells)

31
Q

Lymphocyte kinetics/migration

A
  1. leave capillary and move into tissue
  2. move into lymphatic vessel
  3. move into lymph node
  4. returned to blood via lymphatic duct
32
Q

size of lymphocytes

A

same size or smaller than neutrophils

33
Q

5 main causes of lymphocytosis

A
  1. physiologic (excitment, epinephrine)
  2. chronic inflammation (antigenic stim)
  3. young animals
  4. hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)
  5. Lymphoid neoplasia
34
Q

physiologic/excitment lymphocytosis

A

neutrophilia (no left shift, marginal neuts moved into circ)
erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis (splenic contraction)
hyperglycemia
transitory

35
Q

chronic inflammitory lymphocytosis

A

lymphoid hyperplasia
neutrophilia (left shift w/toxic changes)
+/- monocytosis (inflammation)
anemia of chronic dz
hypoglobulinemia

36
Q

lymphocytosis due to young age

A

pseudolymphocytosis
young animals have more lymphocytes
maybe decreased MCV, PCV (young animal)
maybe increased phosphorus, calcium, ALP, GGT (young animal)

37
Q

hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s dz
persistant lymphocytosis: opposite of stress
normal neutrophil count
+/- eosinophilia
+/- mild non regen anemia
+/- hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia

38
Q

lymphoma

A

neoplastic lymphocytosis
Originates from lymph node
Lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
+/-Lymphopenia: presense of atypical lymphocytes
+/- Blasts in circulation
Numerous types (Sm, Lg, B, T)
neoplastic proliferation of a clone of lymphocytes (intermediate to larger) arising outside bone marrow (lymph node, spleen, thymus, intestine)

39
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

originates in Bone marrow
Blasts >20%
+/- Pan-bicytopenia
+/- Myelopathies
Spleen-hepatomegaly
Poor prognosis
neoplastic proliferation of immature large lymphoid cells arising within bone marrow

40
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

originiates in bone marrow
Small lymphocytes
lymphocytosis >12K dogs, >20K cats
Tend to liver longer
neoplastic proliferation of a clone of small lymphocytes arising within bone marrow

41
Q

reactive vs neoplastic lymphocytosis rule of thumb

A

neoplastic > 20,000/ul, clonal on PARR, much more severe
reactive: dogs and cats <20,000 /ul not clonal on PARR

42
Q

lymphopenia

A

stress
acute inflammation
depletion
* lymphoid effusion, lymphangiectasia (loss of lymph)

lymphoid hypoplasia (immunosuppression, radiation, virus, congenital)

NOT from bone marrow injury (lymphocytes already in seconday lymphoid tissue)

combined B and T cell deficiency

DWT exam 2 (22 decks)

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