clin path 1 Flashcards
Which type of controls mandate the correct use of hazardous chemicals within a vet hospital?
Administrative
Which documents provided by manufacturers of all hazardous materials must be readily available to employees at every vet facility?
Material Safety data sheets MSDS
The accidental ingestion of the organism toxoplasmosis is an example of a safety hazard in which bio safety level?
Biosafety level II
A veterinary tech is given the responsibility to ship lab samples to an outside lab for analysis. Which specimen would be considered a category B infectious material.
Blood specimen for feline heartworm evaluation
The sink in a vet hospital lab is best used for which purpose?
To rinse, drain, or stain specimens and discard fluids.
Every vet diagnostic lab should have access to an internet connection either in the lab or somewhere within the facility. what would be the best determinant of a high quality internet site?
The site is unbiased and staffed by recognized experts in the field.
A small animal hospital is planning to open soon. the vet must decide what equipment is necessary to operate a minimally equipped lab. Which item should be included in this lab?
Refractometer
Excessive heat build-up due to air friction at excessive speeds can damage specimens. this is the disadvantage to what kind of centrifuge?
Horizontal centrifuge head
Which style of centrifuge has drilled holes that hold test tubes and runs at high speeds, without causing excess heat buildup that can damage specimens
Angled centrifuge head
The vet tech needs to determine the total protein concentration of plasma. What lab instrument must be used?
Refractometer
A vet tech has been assigned to perform regular maintenance on the refractometer in the lab. What maintenance task should be performed?
Clean after every use and calibrate weekly
A 10 year old SF dog presents with urinary incontinence. The vet would like to get preliminary urine results as quickly as possible. Which reading can be obtained quickly using the refractometer.
Specific gravity
What is the best type of pipette to use to move a noncritical amount of liquid from one tube to another?
Transfer
Which size pipette would you choose to transfer 1.6ml or fluid?
2ml
A lab incubator must be capable of maintaining a constant temperature. what is the optimal temp for growing most pathogens
37 degrees C
A hospital would like to purchase a hot water bath for its lab but it wants one that doesn’t require racks and takes little maintenance. Which type would be the best option?
Waterless bead
Which type of microscope is an essential piece of lab equipment for a hospital lab
Compound microscope
An organism is being viewed with a light compounding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10x magnification and 40x objective. what is the magnification of the organism?
400
Ideally, a practice should maintain two microscopes. What is the reason for having two?
One is used to perform routine parasite studies, and the other is used for hematology and cytology evaluations
An object is being viewed with a light compounding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10x magnification and 100x objective. What is the magnification of the object?
1,000
The objective lenses of a microscope are important and are characterized by certain types. which type of objective lens is best for most vet hospitals?
Achromatic
A busy vet hospital is planning to purchase a microscope for its lab. The staff should like to be able to take images from the microscope and put them directly into the patient’s chart. What is the best choice of microscope to purchase?
Digital microscope with computer software
How is an image viewed through a microscope.
upside down and backwards
Modern microscopes contain a light source. which device is used to adjust the intensity of the light for the microscope?
Rheostat
A urinary cast is being viewed through a microscope. Its difficult to visualize the object due to the bright light from the scopes light source. What could be adjusted to visualize this object fully?
Condenser
An object that is being viewed is slightly fuzzy and surrounded by a halo. what can be adjusted to focus the object and remove the halo?
Substage condenser
Which part of a microscope consists of a number of leaves that are opened or closed to control the amount of light illuminating the object
aperture diaphragm
Routine maintenance of a microscope is essential to ensure the long use of the instrument. which cleaning solvent can be used to remove excess oil and dissolve the adhesives that secure the objective lenses?
xylene
to ensure correct identification of objects, a microscope must be calibrated using a stage micrometer. How often does a microscope need to be calibrated?
Once for the service of its life
Which type of micrometer can be added or removed from microscope eyepieces as needed to impose an image of a net, a scale, or crosshairs over the viewing area?
Ocular
A digital microscope can help capture images for viewing on a larger screen, which of the following capabilities refers to the degree of detail in the images and the clarity of the images?
Resolution
Which of the following is measured in pixels
resolution
Which type of light source for microscopes tends to produce the highest quality images due to the enhanced color balance and greater stability of the light output?
LED
When using the metric system, the prefix milli- refers to which power of 10
10^-3
A tech is asked to record the amount of a substance used in a dilution. The amount of substance added was 0.001ml. What would be the best way to record this amount?
1 microliter
A tech needs to make a 1:10 dilution of a patient sample. What would be the correct dilution.
10ul of sample to 90ul of distilled water
A tech needs to take a 60mg/dl solution and dilute it 1:5. What would be the concentration of the dilution
60/5= 12mg/dl
A tech needs to take a 40mg/dl sample and dilute it 1:10. what would be the concentration of the dilution?
40/10= 4mg/dl
A test result comes back with a value of 3.456x10^4. this value needs to be converted to a number. What is the correct value?
34,560
A test result comes back with the value of 45.6X 10^-2 whats the correct value?
0.456
A urine specimen comes back with a pH of 6. Which H+ concentration would this sample have?
10^-6
A sample has been diluted using a 1:10 dilution. What must be done to the result to give the correct value for an undiluted sample?
Multiple the result by 10
A commonly obtained result in vet labs is the pH of a sample. What is the best definition of pH?
A negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
Lab results show that a sample has a basic pH. Which pH value represents a basic pH
7.2
A lab test requires a sample to be at room temp or 73 degrees F. What is the equivalent temp in degrees C
C=((73F-32)x5)/9
41X5/9
205/9
22.77777 or 23 degrees C
A specimen needs to be incubated at 37 degrees C but the only thermometer available reads in degrees Fahrenheit. What would the temp need to be in degrees F.
98.6 F
quality control programs ensure the accuracy of lab results. Which term is defined by how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent.
Accuracy
Which scale is the most commonly used temp measurement in vet clinical labs?
Celsius
Quality control programs ensure the accuracy of lab results. which term is defined by the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements
Precision
Quality control programs ensure the accuracy of lab results. What term is defined by the ability of a method to be accurate and precise?
Reliability
An error occurred in lab results and was traced back to the sample to be hemolyzed. Which type of variable error is this?
Preanalytic
An error occurred in lab results and was traced back to the lack of maintenance on a lab instrument. Which type of error is this
analytic
A sample is lipemic. which type of variable is this?
Biologic
A sample was sent to a reference lab; however, vital information was missing from the requisition form, causing delays in processing the sample. Which type of variable is this?
nonbiologic
It was discovered that the standard serum control used was the incorrect serum for the species being tested. which type of variable is this?
analytic
Which body system collects and eliminates waste from the body?
urinary
The urinary system consists of which of the following
two kidneys, two ureters, one urethra, and one urinary bladder
Which animal has a heart shaped right kidney
horse
Where in the body are the kidneys located in most animals
Dorsal aspect of the abdomen, cranial to the lumbar vertebra
which animals kidneys have a lobulated appearance
Cows
Which term refers to the indented portion of the kidney
hilus
What’s the term for the location of the kidney where the blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and exit?
Hilus
which part of the kidney is the most functional portion
nephron
Which part of the kidney has various components, including the renal corpuscle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and a collecting tubule
nephron
Which structure composes the renal corpuscle and is surrounded by a Bowman capsule
glomerulus
Which structure in the kidney filters a portion of the plasma and eliminates its wastes
glomerulus
As fluid passes through the kidney, substances are resorbed. What’s the condition called when the nephrons have reached the maximum limit for resorption
renal threshold
By the time the fluid in the nephron reaches the collecting tubules, it becomes which of the following
urine
which of the following is the structure through which urine passes from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
which structure enters the urinary bladder at oblique angles, forming valve like openings that prevent back flow of the urine as the bladder fills
ureters
Which urinary system structure is a muscular sac that stores urine and releases it periodically by the process of urination
urinary bladder
when the urinary bladder enlarges and reaches a certain point, which structure in the bladder wall is/are activated to trigger the contraction of the smooth muscles?
Stretch receptors
Which structures lead from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
Which structure releases the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior pituitary gland
which structure releases the hormone aldosterone
adrenal cortex
antidiuretic hormone acts on which structure to promote reabsorption of water
collecting tubules
a man notices that his dog hasn’t been urinating as often as it had previously. What’s another term for this condition
oliguria
A woman notices her dog needs to go out to urinate more frequently than it had in the past. Whats another term for this condition
polyuria
A dog is hospitalized, and the nursing staff realizes that the animal isn’t urinating. whats the term for this condition
anuria
Which hormones are involved in the regulation of urine volume
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
which of the following lines the urinary bladder
transitional epithelial cells
An insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior pituitary gland can result in which of the following?
Polyuria
Which type of urine sample is not satisfactory for bacterial examination
free catch
In a free catch sample what type of cells most likely will contaminate the sample
WBCs
Which method can be used to stimulate urination in sheep
occluding the nostrils
which method is used to stimulate urination in cows
gently rubbing dry hay ventral to the vulva in a circular manner
Which method is used to stimulate urination in horses
rubbing warm, wet cloth on the ventral abdomen
Bacteria in the urine may cause an infection in the kidneys as a complication of which type of urine collection method
bladder expression
A urine sample has an increased number of RBCs. This could be due to which type of urine collection method
bladder expression
if an animal is suspected of having an obstructed urethra which type of urine collection method should not be attempted
bladder expression
An animal is presented for possible bladder stones. the animal has had two cystotomies for bladder stones in the past. What type of urine collection should be avoided?
bladder expression
Which urine collection method is recommended for a sterile collection when a cystocentesis can’t be performed
catheterization
whats the necessary first step in performing a catheterization urine collection in a female dog
wash the external genitalia
why should the first portion of the sample collected by catheterization be discarded?
to prevent possible bacterial contamination from the catheterization process
which of the following must be true in order to perform a cystocentesis
A distended bladder that can be easily palpated
whats the best choice for needle size and syringe size for a cystocentesis urine collection
20 or 22 gauge needle and 10ml syringe
in which direction should the needle be inserted in the caudal abdomen for cystocentesis
dorsocaudally
what is the urine collection method of choice if culture and sensitivity testing are desired
cystocentesis
A male dog is presented for a possible urinary infection, and the vet would like the tech to collect a urine sample by cystocentesis. Where should the tech insert the needle for the collection
caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath
The vet wants a quantitative urine sample on a dog. How is this sample to be collected
catheterization for 24 hrs
whats the best time frame to analyze the urine sample to ensure accurate results?
within 30 min to 1 hr
A urine sample is collected just before an emergency coming into the clinic. What can be done to the sample to ensure accurate results
Refrigerate the sample and analyze within 6-12hrs
Whats one artifact that may occur in a refrigerated urine sample
crystal formations
A male dog presented for a possible UTI and the vet would like the tech to collect a urine sample bey cystocentesis. Where should the tech insert the needle for the collection
Caudle to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath
The vet wants a quantitative urine sample on a dog. How is this sample to be collected?
Catheterization for 24 hours
Whats the best time frame to analyze the urine sample to ensure accurate results
within 30 min to 1 hr
a urine sample is collected just before an emergency coming into the clinic what can be done to the sample to ensure accurate results
refrigerate the sample and analyze within 6-12hrs
Whats one artifact that may occur in a refrigerated urine sample
crystal formation
which of the following may occur if a urine sample is kept at room temp for an extended length of time
a decrease in glucose concentration and increased turbidity
what must be done to a refrigerated urine sample before analyzing the sample
warm gently before analysis
if a sample is to be transported to an outside lab for analysis whats the recommended preservative to add to the sample to preserve the formed elements
40% formalin
Which of the following gives the best sample for urinalysis
morning sample or after several hours without water
When an o reports that an animal has had increased urination, its important to differentiate between frequency and amount of urine produced. what’s the term for increased frequency of urination?
pollakiuria
When an owner reports that an animal has had increased urination, its important to differentiate between frequency and amount of urine. What’s the term for increased production of urination?
Polyuria
A 12 yr old DSH weighing 12.5 lbs presents for urinary problems. the urine output for the animal is 80ml of urine in 24hr period. which term properly identifies this situation?
Oliguria
An increase in daily urine output is usually accompanied by an increase in water consumption. Whats the term for increased water consumption
polydipsia
a dog has been placed on furosemide. What would be the expected outcome from this drug?
polyuria
A 9 year old dog presents for polyuria and polydipsia. which disease could be associated with this symptom
diabetes mellitus
What color background should a urine sample be help up against to determine the true color of the sample
white
Equine urine usually has which transparency due to high concentrations of calcium carbonate crystals and mucous
cloudy
