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Clin lab 1 test 1 > clin lab cards > Flashcards

clin lab cards Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major disciplines embodied in clin lab medicine?

A

hematology, urinalysis, clinical chem

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2
Q

4 disciplines in clin lab that are most relevant to chiro

A

hematology, urinalysis, clinical chem and serology

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3
Q

types of clinical labs

A

commercial is best, then all the rest

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4
Q

what are the 5 reasons for ordering a lab test?

A

confirm clinical impressions or est. a diagnosis, rule out a diagnosis, monitor therapy, est. prognosis, screen for health

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5
Q

what is a wellness screening

A

testing of asymptomatic people who are basically healthy

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6
Q

what dzs should be seen in wellness screenings?

A

prevelent, ones that can be detected prior to s/sx, treatable, and have harmful consequences if untreated

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7
Q

what agencies monitor wellness screenings?

A

AHRA and canadian task force

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8
Q

def reference range

A

normal range that is est. by testing large number of healthy individuals, then performing a stat analysis of results

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9
Q

what does the reference range follow?

A

the gausserian distribution

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10
Q

how are reference ranges used in practice?

A

mean and standard deviation

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11
Q

what is a statisical outlier?

A

5% of people that are healthy but test outside of the 95%

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12
Q

conventional units=

A

mm

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13
Q

international units=

A

L

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14
Q

def of profile/ panel testing

A

collection of different tests that are related to a particular organ/ dz

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15
Q

good thing about panel testing?

A

faciliate pattern recognition

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16
Q

bad thing about panel testing?

A

each test added increases probability of an increased number of abnormal results in healthy pt

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17
Q

def hematology

A

study related to blood and blood flow

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18
Q

what are the sites of hematopoiesis in fetal and adult life`

A

yolk sac, liver/ spleen, long bones, axial skeleton

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19
Q

def of reticulocyte

A

last immature stage of RBC that occurs after nucleus is extruded in bone marrow and may contain fragments of RNA and mitochondria which makes it polychromatic

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20
Q

hemoglobin synthesis stages

A

synth in nucleated cell in bone marrow; heme is produced when iron is enzymatically inserted to PROTOPORPHORYN; poly ribossmes make globin chains in pairs which provides for insertion of one heme molecule

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21
Q

def of ineffective erythropoiesis?

A

premature death of RBCs and decreased output as well

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22
Q

def of shift to left

A

increase number of stab cells in circulation

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23
Q

def of stab cells

A

immature neurophils

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24
Q

def of band cell

A

immature neurophils

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25
Q

what is the function of T cell?

A

cellular immunity

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26
Q

what is the function of B cell?

A

humoral immunity (turns into a plasma cell)

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27
Q

def atypical lymphocyte

A

damaged or morphologically different lymphocyte seen in viral infections

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28
Q

other names for atypical lymphocytes?

A

downey cell or reactive lymphocyte

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29
Q

when do you see neutrophilia?

A

stress, purulent infection, leukemia

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30
Q

when do you see lymphocytosis?

A

chronic bacterial infections

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31
Q

when do you see macrocytosis?

A

chronic inflam and TB

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32
Q

when do you see eosinophilia?

A

parasites, allergies, hodkins lymphoma\

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33
Q

when do you see basophilia?

A

myeloproliferative dz

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34
Q

when do you see neutropenia?

A

deitary def, overwhelming bacterial infection, viral infection

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35
Q

when do you see lymphopenia?

A

immunodef dz, radiation

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36
Q

def megakaryopoiesis?

A

production of thrombocytes

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37
Q

what influences megakaryopoiesis?

A

thrombopoietin, and megakaryocyte growth and development factor

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38
Q

3 tests tha evaluate hematopoiesis?

A

CBC, reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

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39
Q

def of CBC

A

one of most common lab tests and often used as a clinical screening eval. Can show chronic infection, allergies and clotting probs

40
Q

what tests in CBC test for anemia?

A

RBC count, Hemoglobin conc, hematocrit

41
Q

what tests in CBC categorize anemia?

A

MCV, MCH,MCHC

42
Q

what is an early sign of anemia?

A

RDW

43
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

too many RBCs

44
Q

polycythemia

A

proportion of blood vol that is RBC

45
Q

what results of a CBC = microcytic anemia and hypochromic?

A

decr MCV, MCH, MCHC

46
Q

what results of a CBC= normocytic anemia and normochromic?

A

normal MCV, MCH, MCHC

47
Q

What results of a CBC = macrocytic anemia?

A

incr MCV, but normal MCH,MCHC

48
Q

def of polychromatophilia?

A

incr amount of reticulocytes

49
Q

def of poikilocytosis?

A

strange shapes

50
Q

def of aniscocytosis?

A

random sizes

51
Q

what changes with aniscocytosis?

A

RDW

52
Q

def of relative WBC diff count?

A

relative % of each type of circulating WBC as determined by counting 100 WBC on a strained peripheral blood cells

53
Q

def of absolute WBC diff count?

A

determined by a machine

54
Q

what is the formula to calc absolute differential count

A

relative % x total WBC= absolute count

55
Q

when is bone marrow aspiration and biopsy clinically indicated?

A

for rendering definitive diagnosis in most myelo/lymphoprolifeative dz

56
Q

what is seen in routine serum?

A

total bilirubin (unconjugated and conjugated)

57
Q

what is seen in routine urine?

A

urobilinogen and conjugated bilirubin

58
Q

how is plasma changed to urine?

A

blood enters the gromerular capillaries at 70 mmHg, these capillaries don?t let large proteins get through so you a smaller filtrate

59
Q

what are the descriptors of abnormal urination?

A

frequency, urgency, dysyuria

60
Q

wha is the difference b/t children and adults with urine production?

A

children make 3-4x more than adults per kilogram

61
Q

advantage of the first morning collection?

A

most conc, bladder incubated, best specific grav, nitrate, protein and microscopic

62
Q

disadvant of first morning collection

A

not convient

63
Q

advantage of the random collection

A

conient

64
Q

3 analytes monitored in 24 hr collection?

A

protein (kidney); calcium (not done in routine urinalysis); hormones and their metabolites

65
Q

why do you need to run a urinalysis in 1 hr?

A

elements form (casts); bilirubin and urobilinogen degrade with light; glucose is eaten by bacteria; and ketones evaporate

66
Q

what do you do visually in RU?

A

color and appearance

67
Q

what do you do chemically in RU?

A

pH, spec grav, protein, ketones etc

68
Q

wha do you do microscopically in RU?q

A

RBC, WBC, epethilial cells etc.

69
Q

colorless urine=

A

may mean low kidney function

70
Q

dark yellow urine=

A

conc and bilirubin-> dehydrated and hepatobilliary issues

71
Q

red urine=

A

blood (UT blood); hemoglobin (intravascular hemolysis); food dyes and beats

72
Q

brown urine=

A

acid hematin and bilirubin

73
Q

when might you see acidic urine?

A

normal in western diet, ketosis or acidosis

74
Q

when might you see basic urine?

A

vegetarian, postprandial, stale unfrigereated urine, UTI

75
Q

what is a true kidney test

A

standardized via H2O deprivation for 16 hrs and easily altered via fluid consumption

76
Q

what specific protein in urine is bad?

A

albumin because, kidney pathology esp gromerullar damage

77
Q

what causes minimal proteinuria?

A

vig exercise, stress, orthostatic proteinuria, pregnancy, UTI

78
Q

cause of moderate proteinuria?

A

chronic glomerularitis, pyelonepheritis, multiple myeloma, pre-eclampsia

79
Q

cause of marked proteinuria?

A

acute and chonic glomerularitis, diabetic neuropathy, lupus nephritis

80
Q

renal threshold of glucose?

A

when blood glucose exceeds a certain level, the kidney starts to push it into the urine

81
Q

what causes ketonuria?

A

not enough carbs-> no insulin -> fatty acids -> liver -> ketones

82
Q

under what circumstances will you see bilirubin in the urine?

A

conjugated bilirubin seen with hepatobiliary pathologies

83
Q

Causes of pyuria?

A

UTI, UT inflam

84
Q

causes of sterile pyuria?

A

systemic inflam, stones, polycysic kidney dz, drugs, antibiotics

85
Q

where does the blood come from when you see hemoglobinuria?

A

intravascular heme

86
Q

where does the blood come from when you see hematuria?

A

from kidney- urethra

87
Q

common causes of hematuria w/o casts and protein present?

A

menstration, vigorous execise, trauma to UT, and lower UTI

88
Q

common causes of hematuria w/ casts and protein present?

A

acute and chonic glomerularitis and RA

89
Q

how does incr ascorbic acid influence urinalysis

A

may affect the biochemistry of the strips and you get false positive

90
Q

what would you see in LPF screen>

A

amorphous sediment, epithelial cells, cast, crystals

91
Q

what would you see in HPF screen?

A

bacteria and cells

92
Q

3 types of epithelial cells found in urine sediment?

A

squamous, transitional, renal tubule

93
Q

where does the squamous cells come from?

A

distal urethra and female vulva

94
Q

where does the transitional epithelial come from?

A

renal pelvis and prox urethra

95
Q

where does renal tubule cell come from?

A

nephron to collecting tubules

Clin lab 1 test 1 (1 decks)

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