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geography - natural hazards + living world > climate change > Flashcards

climate change Flashcards

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1
Q

what is global atmospheric circulation?

A
  • transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air
  • air moves due to the differences in air pressure
  • the GAC system is divided into loops (called cells)
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2
Q

what does each cell have?

A
  • warm rising air that creates a low pressure belt
  • cool sinking air that creates a high pressure belt
  • each hemisphere has three cells
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3
Q

what do tropical storms need to develop?

A
  • tropical storms develop between 5 and 30° north and south of the equator when:
  • sea temp is 27° or higher
  • wind shear between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low
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4
Q

how does a tropical storm form?

A
  • warm surface water evaporates, rises and condenses into clouds - this releases huge amounts of energy, producing powerful storms
  • low wind shear prevents clouds from breaking up as they rise, so storm stays intact
  • easterly winds near the equator move tropical storms to the west
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5
Q

why does a storm spin?

A

due to the Coriolis effect

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6
Q

what happens when a storm moves over the ocean?

A

energy from the warm water strengthens the storm - so wind speeds increase

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7
Q

when do storms lose strength?

A

when they move over land or cooler water - as energy supply from water is cut off

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the eye (centre) of a storm?

A
  • up to 50km across
  • caused by descending air
  • very low pressure, light winds, no clouds
  • high temperature
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9
Q

what are the characteristics of the eyewall (surrounds eye) of a storm?

A
  • spiralling rising air
  • very strong winds
  • storm clouds, torrential rain
  • low temperature
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10
Q

what is towards the edges of the storm?

A
  • wind speed falls
  • clouds become smaller and more scattered
  • rain becomes less intense
  • temperature increases
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11
Q

Typhoon Haiyan primary effects?

A
  • 6,300 dead - most drowned in storm surge
  • 600,000 people displaced
  • 90% of Tacloban city destroyed
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12
Q

typhoon haiyan secondary effects?

A
  • 6 million left with no job
  • lack of clean water lead to outbreaks of disease
  • power supplies cut off in some areas for a month
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13
Q

typhoon haiyan immediate responses?

A
  • fishermen warned not to go to sea
  • the red cross delivered basic food aid - inc. rice, canned food and oil
  • 1,200 evacuation centres to help homeless
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14
Q

typhoon haiyan long-term responses?

A
  • charities built storm-resistant houses for those who lost their homes
  • mangrove forests being planted to act as a natural flood defence
  • UN appealed for over $300 million to help fund rebuilding and relief
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15
Q

how can climate change affect tropical storms?

A

global average sea surface temperatures have risen + are expected to rise more

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16
Q

how can climate change affect tropical storms’ frequency?

A
  • oceans will stay at 27° C or higher for longer - so longer period when they can form
  • may mean more storms each year
17
Q

how can climate change affect the distribution of tropical storms?

A
  • as average ocean temperature rises - more of the world’s oceans could be above 27° C
  • meaning TS’s can form in areas that haven’t experienced them before
18
Q

how can climate change affect the intensity of tropical storms?

A
  • higher sea surface temperatures are likely to result in more evaporation + increased cloud formation
  • means more energy is released
  • could mean storms more powerful
19
Q

how can prediction reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A

predicting where and when a TS will happen gives people time to evacuate

20
Q

how can monitoring reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A

computer models can be used to calculate a storm’s predicted path

21
Q

how can planning reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A
  • future developments can avoid high-risk areas
  • emergency services can prepare
  • governments can plan evacuation routes
22
Q

how can protection reduce the effects of tropical storms?

A
  • buildings can be designed to withstand tropical storms
  • buildings can be built on stilts to be safe from floodwater
  • flood defences can be built along rivers
23
Q

what is the impact of strong winds?

A
  • can damage properties

- can disrupt transport

24
Q

what is the impact of heavy rainfall?

A
  • recovery from flooding can cost millions of pounds

- this can cause flooding - can damage homes + drown people

25
Q

what is the impact of snow and ice?

A
  • can cause injuries due to slipping

- schools and businesses can be forced to shut

26
Q

what is the impact of drought?

A
  • water supplies can run low - causing economic impacts like crop failure
  • rules to conserve water have to be introduced
27
Q

what is the impact of thunderstorms?

A
  • lightening can cause fires which can kill people

- can destroy the environment

28
Q

what is the impact of heatwaves?

A
  • can cause heat exhaustion - which can kill people

- can melt roads and buckling rails - disruption to transport

29
Q

what is evidence that the weather is becoming more extreme in the UK?

A
  • summer 2018 - one of the hottest summers since records began
  • extreme cold events seem to be more frequent
  • December 2010 - coldest month for over 100 years
  • major flooding events become more frequent
  • December 2015 - wettest month ever recorded
30
Q

what are the causes of the Boscastle flood (2004)?

A
  • 89mm of rain fell in an hour
  • narrow river channels in the village itself
  • the ground was saturated from previous rain so water flowed quickly into the river valency
31
Q

what are the social impacts of the Boscastle flood?

A
  • cars and vans were washed into the sea
  • loss of communications
  • hundreds had to evacuate from their homes
32
Q

what are the environmental impacts of the Boscastle flood?

A

damage to local wildlife habitats

33
Q

what are the economic impacts of the Boscastle flood?

A
  • loss of businesses

- loss of tourism - which was major source of income for area

34
Q

what were management strategies to reduce the risk of Boscastle flood happening again?

A
  • £4.5 million has been spent on flood defence scheme
  • river channel has been made deeper and wider to hold more water
  • Boscastle car park has been raised + given a permeable surface
35
Q

what is the quaternary period?

A
  • most recent geological time period

- period of time from 2.6 million years ago to present day

geography - natural hazards + living world (5 decks)

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