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Biology Test 4 - Ch 12-15 > Clicker Review > Flashcards

Clicker Review Flashcards

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1
Q

In peas, tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. A plant that is homozygous for tall is crossed with one homozygous for dwarf.

What will be the phenotypes of the F1 plants?

A

100% of F1 offspring will be tall.

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2
Q

In peas, tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. A plant that is homozygous for tall is crossed with one homozygous for dwarf.

b.) What will be the phenotypes of the F2 and what % of the offspring will have each phenotype?

A

75% of F2 offspring will be tall; 25% will be dwarf.

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3
Q

In peas, tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. A plant that is homozygous for tall is crossed with one homozygous for dwarf.

c.) What will be the phenotypes and % if an F1 plant is crossed with its tall parent?

A

100% of offspring will be tall.

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4
Q

In peas, tall plants are dominant over dwarf plants. A plant that is homozygous for tall is crossed with one homozygous for dwarf.

d.) What will be the phenotypes and % if an F1 plant is crossed with its dwarf parent?

A

50% of offspring will be tall; 50% dwarf

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5
Q

In guinea pigs, rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth (r) and black coat (B) is dominant over white coat (b). A true breeding rough, black guinea pig is crossed with a smooth, white guinea pig.

a.) What will be the phenotypes of the F1 offspring?

A

F1: RRBB x rrbb; possible gametes: RB/rb

F1 offspring all RrBb and all rough/black.

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6
Q

In guinea pigs, rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth (r) and black coat (B) is dominant over white coat (b). A true breeding rough, black guinea pig is crossed with a smooth, white guinea pig.

b.) What will be the phenotypes of the F2 offspring?

A

RrBb x RrBb; possible gametes for both: RB, Rb, rB, rb

9:3:3:1 Rough/black:rough/white:smooth/black:smooth/white

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7
Q

What crosses involving an X-linked gene could produce a female with the recessive phenotype?

A

XRXr x XrY

XrXr x XrY

write out crosses and figure it out.

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8
Q

The hornless state is dominant over horns in cows. A hornless bull is bred to a hornless cow. They produce calves that are hornless and horned. What are the genotypes of the bull and the cow? Show a Punnett Square proving your answer.

A

Both the bull and the cow are Hh with H = hornless and h = horned.

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9
Q

If 2n=4, how many chromosomes are present in each cell at Prophase II?

A

2 chromosomes each with a pair of sister chromatids.

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10
Q

A mom with Type AB blood has children with a man with heterozygous Type B blood. Is it possible for this mom to donate blood to ALL of her potential children?

A

B. No. Her offspring would have the expected blood types of: Type AB, Type B or Type A. Type B and Type A children could not receive blood from their mom.

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11
Q

In a cross between a mother who is homozygous recessive and a father who is homozygous dominant, what is the chance of an offspring that is also homozygous dominant like the father?

A

A. 0% chance because the mom does not have the “A” allele.

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12
Q

ALD (adrenoleukodystrophy) is an X-linked recessive disease that affects the central nervous system. What is the chance of a SON having ALD if his mom is a heterozygote and the father is healthy?

A

Each son has a 50% chance.

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13
Q

In a cross between 2 individuals for 2 different genes (A and B), the mother is homozygous dominant for both genes and the father is a heterozygote for gene A and homozygous recessive for gene B. What are the possible genotypes of their offspring?

A

E. AABb and AaBb

Mom: AABB

Dad: Aabb

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14
Q

A muscle cell has 46 chromosomes. This muscle cell divides into 2 cells during normal muscle growth. Each new cell will have how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

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15
Q

Will those 46 chromosomes be completely identical in both of the new cells?

A

Yes (assuming cell division was done properly!)
During regular cell division and the process of mitosis, new cells will have exactly the same DNA sequences from the cell that created them.

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16
Q

What would happen if gametes had BOTH pairs of chromosomes instead of just one pair?

A

A developing embryo from these gametes would have 2x the number of chromosomes it should have.

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17
Q

The centralized region joining two DNA molecules:

A

Centromere

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18
Q

During what subphase of the cell cycle does the cell create sister chromatids?

A

S Phase

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19
Q

If a cell passes the S phase but does not complete the M phase, what would occur?

A

The cell would have 2x the amount of DNA it should have.

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20
Q

An imaginary somatic cell has 10 chromosomes at G1. How many chromosomes will it have at the END of S phase?

A

10 chromsomes

Each of the 10 will be a pair of chromatids but will still be 10 chromosomes since there are 10 centromeres.

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21
Q

An imaginary somatic cell has 10 chromosomes at G1. How many total DNA molecules/chromatids will it have at the END of S phase?

A

20 DNA molecules/chromatids

Each of the 10 chromosomes will be duplicated and be a pair of chromatids for a total of 20 DNA molecules/chromatids.

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22
Q

How many chromosomes will it have after Anaphase? (Remember, had 10 at G1)

A

20 chromosomes
After separation during anaphase, each of the 20 chromatids is now a full fledged daughter chromosome, but there are still 20 total in the cell since it has not undergone cytokinesis yet.

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23
Q

After cytokinesis (in EACH cell)? (Remember, had 10 at G1)

A

10 chromosomes

Each daughter cell will get 10 chromosomes which is the somatic cell number the original parental cell began with.

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24
Q

True or False: Cancer cells are completely different types of cells than normal cells.

A

False

Cancer cells are regular cells that have “forgotten” the rules of normal cell behavior.

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25
Q

A somatic cell undergoes a complete mitotic cell division. How many daughter cells are created?

A

2 daughter cells
The type of cell division referred to as mitosis will created 2 genetically identical daughter cells from one parental cell.

26
Q

Assume that somatic cell undergoing mitosis has 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be in EACH daughter cell?

A

24 chromosomes

Remember, IDENTICAL really means precisely the same genome in each daughter cell which means the same number of chromosomes in each daughter cell as the original parental cell.

27
Q

Now let’s assume that cell is undergoing meiosis instead. The original parental cell still has 24 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be in EACH daughter cell?

A

12 chromosomes

28
Q

Are non-sister chromatids identical to each other?

A

No (most likely)
Sister chromatids are identical (exact copies of each other).
Non-sister chromatids refer to the other chromatids in a homologous pair. They will have the same genes but not necessarily the same version of those genes. More on this later!

29
Q

When are haploid cells created?

A

By end of Meiosis I
When the homologous chromosomes are separated by Anaphase I and the subsequent daughter cells form after cytokinesis I, each of those daughter cells is considered haploid because they only contain one copy of each chromosome.

30
Q

During sexual reproduction, the gametes (egg and sperm) are ______.

A

haploid
Gametes are haploid (n) and have 1 copy of each chromosome (and therefore 1 copy of each gene).
Somatic cells are diploid (2n) and have 2 copies of each chromosome (2 copies of each gene).

31
Q

A cell has a somatic chromosome number of 10.

What is its haploid number?

A

5

If somatic cell number is 10 that means 2n = 10 so haploid number or n = 5.

32
Q

A cell has a somatic chromosome number of 10 (2n = 10).

What is the number of chromosomes during Metaphase I of Meiosis I?

A

10

There will be 10 chromosomes, each a pair of sister chromatids.

33
Q

A cell has a somatic chromosome number of 10.

What is the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell during Metaphase II of Meiosis II?

A

5
Because the homologous chromosomes have separated during meiosis I, the 2 daughter cells in meiosis II are haploid so there are 5 chromosomes in each cell. Each of those chromosomes is still a pair of sister chromatids at metaphase II though so there are 10 total chromatids (5 pairs) in each daughter cell.

34
Q

A cell has a somatic chromosome number of 10.

What is the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell after Cytokinesis II of Meiosis II?

A

5

This number should match the haploid (n) number of 5 found earlier.

35
Q

A cell has a somatic chromosome number of 10.

What is the total number of chromatids during Metaphase I of Meiosis I?

A

20

All 10 chromosomes will be duplicated in S phase for a total of 20 chromatids (10 pairs)

36
Q

How many copies of each gene is in our

somatic cells?

A

2 copies

37
Q

How many copies of each gene is in

our gametes?

A

1 copy

38
Q

If you compare anaphase in meiosis I and meiosis II, which one is most like anaphase in mitosis?

A

Meiosis II’s anaphase II
In mitosis, sister chromatids are separated during mitotic anaphase just like the sister chromatids separated in anaphase II of meiosis II. The main difference is that in mitosis the cell’s are diploid, but the cells are haploid during meiosis II because the homologous chromosomes have already separated during anaphase I of meiosis I.

39
Q

An individual who has the dominant appearance for a particular gene can produce which types of gametes (Assume the dominant allele is represented by “A”)?

A

Only “A” gametes OR both “A” and “a”, depending if they are AA or Aa
If they have the dominant appearance, they could have either the AA or Aa combination of alleles so you would need to know which one. If they are AA, they could only produce “A” gametes. If they are Aa, they would produce “A” or “a” gametes.

40
Q

Scenario: The recessive disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF) runs in yours AND your husband/wife’s family but neither of you have CF. You are expecting your first child together, and the doctor tests both of you for the CF gene. You find out that you are both carriers of the CF gene. What is the chance your child will actually have cystic fibrosis?

A

25%

Carriers are heterozygotes (Aa)
1 out of 4 (25%) would be predicted to be homozygous recessive.
To have an offspring with a recessive disease (aa), both parents need to have at least one recessive allele.

41
Q

What if both parents have CF (both aa)?

A

All offspring have CF (aa).

42
Q

What if one parent is a carrier (Aa) and one parent is normal (AA)?

A

All offspring will be normal but 50% will be carriers.

43
Q

In gerbils, black coat color is dominant over brown. What is the genotype of a gerbil with the brown phenotype if the black allele is B and the brown allele is b?

A

bb

With the recessive phenotype (brown), the genotype must ALWAYS be homozygous recessive.

44
Q

What gametes would a parent with the genotype of aaBB make?

A

aB
One copy of each gene will be in the gametes. This individual only has the “a” allele for the A gene and only the “B” allele for the B gene so all the gametes will be aB.

45
Q

If both parents have Type A blood, can

they have a child with Type O blood?

A

Yes—if they are both IAi

46
Q

Which flower image do you think represents an example of incomplete dominance?

A

The one with a unique new color not spotty.

Red and White -> Pink = incomplete

Red and White -> Red and White spots = codominance

47
Q

If you want a yellow lab guaranteed, what color labs should you breed?

A

yellow and yellow
You need to ensure the second gene always has a combination of “ee” and the only way to guarantee that is to breed two yellow labs that are both B_ee.

48
Q

You are conducting some genetic crosses and you discover a rare phenotype that occurs much more frequently in males than females. This fact makes you suspect the gene involved is on the _____________.

A

X chromosome
This may seem counterintuitive, but if the recessive phenotype is more common in males than females, it is likely the gene is on the X chromosome.

49
Q

Can a male be a carrier of an X-linked disease?

A

No
Normal human males (XY) only have 1 X chromosome so they can not be heterozygous (therefore carriers) for any gene on the X chromosome.

50
Q

Is it worse to have non-disjunction occur during Meiosis I or Meiosis II?

A

Meiosis I

Potentially worse in Meiosis I because ALL gametes will be aneuploid

51
Q

A possible abnormal gamete chromosome number responsible for creating a Down Syndrome individual could be

A

n+1 (24)
Someone with Down Syndrome has 3 copies of chromosome #21 so their somatic chromosome # is 47 (2n+1), not the normal 46 (2n=46). They receive one #21 from one parent whose gamete is normal with n=23 chromosomes, while the other gamete provides two #21’s (most likely the mom) and is the abnormal one of n+1 or 24.

52
Q

An individual who has the dominant appearance for a particular gene can produce which types of gametes (Assume the dominant allele is represented by “A”)?

A

Depends on if they are AA or Aa
If they have the dominant appearance, they could have either the AA or Aa combination of alleles so you would need to know which one. If they are AA, they could only produce “A” gametes. If they are Aa, they would produce “A” or “a” gametes.

53
Q

What results would you expect if you bred a heterozygous individual (Aa) with a homozygous dominant individual (AA)?

A

½ AA and ½ Aa

54
Q

You are following the inheritance of 2 genes, A and B. If an individual is AaBb (heterozygote for BOTH genes), will the dominant alleles (A & B) stay together in the gametes and the recessive alleles (a & b) also stay together?

A

Depends. Will not stay together IF the 2 genes are on different pairs of chromosomes (NOT linked). Remember independent assortment??

55
Q

Can two browned eyed parents have a blue eyed child?

A

Yes, it is possible since eye color is controlled by multiple genes (polygenetic inheritance) which can each come in different alleles.

56
Q

Can someone with a recessive disease have 2 completely healthy parents?

A

Yes
Both parents need to be heterozygotes in order to produce a child that is homozygous recessive, but the parents themselves would not be sick.

57
Q

Can someone with a dominant disease have 2 completely healthy parents?

A

Maybe
If the dominant allele already exists in the family, one of the parents should have the disease BUT if it is a new mutation in the individual, both parents may lack the dominant allele (and be healthy) yet the new offspring will have the disease.

58
Q

At what stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate, moving towards opposite poles of the cell and are called “chromosomes” again.

A

Anaphase

59
Q

Could parents that are homozygous produce offspring that are heterozygotes?

A

Maybe yes
If the parents are only described as homozygous, they could be any of the following crosses:
1.) AA (homozygous dominant) x aa (homozygous recessive)
**Only this option will guarantee heterozygous offspring: Aa

  1. ) AA x AA (both homozygous dominant): All offspring AA
  2. ) aa x aa (both homozygous recessive): All offspring aa
60
Q

Karyotype XX v XY

A

XX = female

XY = male

Biology Test 4 - Ch 12-15 (5 decks)

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