CLEP Introductory Sociology: People Part 1

Question 1

created the “sociological imagination”, found that leaders in major areas of influence and authority not only share a singular vision of what is fair and good but also that they act in ways that serve their interest in maintaining the existing stratification system and their positions in it

Answer 1

C. Wright Mills

Question 2

studied American society in depth and was an advocate for slaves, women’s rights, wrote extensive analyses of social life, and translated August Comte’s ideas into English

Answer 2

Harriet Martineau

Question 3

theoretical giant of communist thought, saw conflict as only between classes, believed that all of human history and society can be traced to the basic material circumstances of men and women in a productive relationship with nature.
He attributed inequalities of wealth, power, and prestige to the economic situation that class structures present

Answer 3

Karl Marx

Question 4

society follows a natural evolutionary progression towards something better, inspired functionalism

Answer 4

Herbert Spencer

Question 5

Emile Durkheim

Answer 5

statistical study of suicide, inspired functionalism, believed that the source of both moral and mental life is society, saw religion as validating the existence of society

Question 6

sought to explain the origins of capitalism, verstehen, believed the Protestant work ethic was decisive in producing the spirit of the modern form of industrial capitalism, found it possible to establish the social origins of kinship by means of cross-cultural comparisons, differentiated between three types of authority, studied many religions to determine how each established psychological and practical grounds for economic activity, discovered various sources of stratification

Answer 6

Max Weber

Question 7

under their influence, sociology experienced a loss of interest in the larger problems of social order and social change, began to concentrate on more specific social problems

Answer 7

Lester Ward and William Graham

Question 8

originated the field of psychology, “me”, “I”, “generalized other”, and symbolic interactionalism

Answer 8

George Herbert Mead

Question 9

functionalist who advocated grand theory

Answer 9

Talcott Parsons

Question 10

their work shaped modern conflict theory, which sees conflict between groups or within social organizations

Answer 10

Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills

Question 11

identified the Hawthorne effect (the presence of a researcher affects the subject’s behavior)

Answer 11

Elton May

Question 12

founder of psychoanalysis, considered biological drives to be the primary source of human activity, and identified the components of a person’s personality (the id, ego, and superego)

Answer 12

Sigmund Freud

Question 13

delineated eight stages of psychosocial development in which ego identity, ego development, and the social environment are involved

Answer 13

Erik Erikson

Question 14

“father of sociology”, coined the term sociology, three stages of development for social sciences

Answer 14

Auguste Comte

Question 15

proposed building middle range from a limited number of assumptions from which hypotheses are derived and distinguished between manifest and latent consequences of existing elements of social structure. He also concluded that there is a disjunction between means and ends in American society (such as the emphasis on wealth and success without many legitimate means to achieve them)

Answer 15

Robert Merton

Question 16

founded symbolic interactionalism with George Herbert Mead

Answer 16

Herbert Bloomer

Question 17

conceived the social construct of reality- the familiar notion that human beings shape their world and are shaped by social interaction

Answer 17

Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann

Question 18

formed the dramaturgical approach (social interaction as a series of episodes or human dramas in which we are more or less aware of playing roles and, thereby, engage in impression management), and coined the term “role-distance”

Answer 18

Erving Goffman

Question 19

theorized about self-concept and the three stages of self-formation, which Cooley referred to as “the looking-glass self”, distinguished between primary and secondary groups

Answer 19

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 20

proposed a theory of cognitive development, which was comprised of four stages (the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage)

Answer 20

Jean Piaget

Question 21

concluded that children go through six stages of moral reasoning

Answer 21

Lawrence Kohlberg