CLEP Introductory Sociology: People Part 1 Flashcards
created the “sociological imagination”, found that leaders in major areas of influence and authority not only share a singular vision of what is fair and good but also that they act in ways that serve their interest in maintaining the existing stratification system and their positions in it
C. Wright Mills
studied American society in depth and was an advocate for slaves, women’s rights, wrote extensive analyses of social life, and translated August Comte’s ideas into English
Harriet Martineau
theoretical giant of communist thought, saw conflict as only between classes, believed that all of human history and society can be traced to the basic material circumstances of men and women in a productive relationship with nature.
He attributed inequalities of wealth, power, and prestige to the economic situation that class structures present
Karl Marx
society follows a natural evolutionary progression towards something better, inspired functionalism
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
statistical study of suicide, inspired functionalism, believed that the source of both moral and mental life is society, saw religion as validating the existence of society
sought to explain the origins of capitalism, verstehen, believed the Protestant work ethic was decisive in producing the spirit of the modern form of industrial capitalism, found it possible to establish the social origins of kinship by means of cross-cultural comparisons, differentiated between three types of authority, studied many religions to determine how each established psychological and practical grounds for economic activity, discovered various sources of stratification
Max Weber
under their influence, sociology experienced a loss of interest in the larger problems of social order and social change, began to concentrate on more specific social problems
Lester Ward and William Graham
originated the field of psychology, “me”, “I”, “generalized other”, and symbolic interactionalism
George Herbert Mead
functionalist who advocated grand theory
Talcott Parsons
their work shaped modern conflict theory, which sees conflict between groups or within social organizations
Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills
identified the Hawthorne effect (the presence of a researcher affects the subject’s behavior)
Elton May
founder of psychoanalysis, considered biological drives to be the primary source of human activity, and identified the components of a person’s personality (the id, ego, and superego)
Sigmund Freud
delineated eight stages of psychosocial development in which ego identity, ego development, and the social environment are involved
Erik Erikson
“father of sociology”, coined the term sociology, three stages of development for social sciences
Auguste Comte
proposed building middle range from a limited number of assumptions from which hypotheses are derived and distinguished between manifest and latent consequences of existing elements of social structure. He also concluded that there is a disjunction between means and ends in American society (such as the emphasis on wealth and success without many legitimate means to achieve them)
Robert Merton
founded symbolic interactionalism with George Herbert Mead
Herbert Bloomer
conceived the social construct of reality- the familiar notion that human beings shape their world and are shaped by social interaction
Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann
formed the dramaturgical approach (social interaction as a series of episodes or human dramas in which we are more or less aware of playing roles and, thereby, engage in impression management), and coined the term “role-distance”
Erving Goffman
theorized about self-concept and the three stages of self-formation, which Cooley referred to as “the looking-glass self”, distinguished between primary and secondary groups
Charles Horton Cooley
proposed a theory of cognitive development, which was comprised of four stages (the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage)
Jean Piaget
concluded that children go through six stages of moral reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg
