Clep Flashcards
1
Q
The focus of psychological science is the attempt to relate overt responses to observable environmental stimuli" This statement is most closely associated with which of the following approaches? (A) Cognitive B) Behavioral (C) Biological (D) Humanistic (E) Psychodynamic
A
Behavioral
2
Q
- Which of the following types of research design
is most appropriate for establishing a cause-and-
effect relationship between two variables?
(A) Correlational
(B) Naturalistic observation
(C) Participant observation
(D) Experimental
(E) Case study
A
Experimental
3
Q
3. The science of psychology is typically dated from the establishment of the late-nineteenth-Century Leipzig laboratory of (A) Hermann Ebbinghaus 8) Hermann von Helmholtz (C) William James (D) Wilhelm Wundt (E) John LLocke
A
Wilhelm Wundt
4
Q
- The requirement that prospective participants
Know the general nature of a study so that
they can decide whether to participate is a
major part of
(A) reciprocal determinism
(B) confidentiality
(C) informed consent
(D) duty to inform
(E) debriefing
A
Informed consent
5
Q
5. The statement "Response latency is the number of seconds that elapses between the stimulus and the response" is an example of (A) introspection (B) a description of an interaction (C) a deduction (D) an operational definition (E) free association
A
An operational definition
6
Q
6. As blind children learn to read braille, the amount of sensory cortex devoted to their finger tips increases. Which process is responsible for this allotment of brain activity? (A) Plasticity (B) Lateralization (C) Synesthesia (D) Place theory (E) Transduction
A
Plasticity
7
Q
- A neuron is said to be polarized when
,3
(A) it is in the refractory period
(B) it is in a resting state
(C) it is about to undergo an action potential
(D) the synaptic terminals release chemicals into
the synaptic gap
(E) chemicals outside the cell body cross the cell
membrane
A
It is in a resting state
8
Q
8. Down syndrome is caused by (A) an extra chromosome (B) an imbalance of neurotransmitters (C) a tumor in the parietal lobe (D) a nutritional deficiency (E) a viral infection in the third trimester of pregnancy
A
An extra chromosome
9
Q
- One common technique used in studying infant
perception and cognition involves measuring a
decreased response to a stimulus that an infant
has been exposed to previously. This research
technique is called
(A) the preferential-looking paradigm
B habituation
(C) the Strange Situation
(D) expectancy violation
(E) conditioned head turning
A
Habituation
10
Q
- Damage to an individual’s parietal lobes is most likely to result in
(A) a heightened sense of smell
(B educed sensitivity to touch
(C) decreased reaction time
(D) a loss in the ability to understand spoken
language
(E) difficulty discriminating between the four
primary tastes
A
Reduced sensitivity to touch
11
Q
- Hadidjah is a manager conducting an interview
with a job applicant. During their conversation
her attention is diverted when she hears her
name mentioned by two employees talking in the
hall outside her office door. Hadidjah’s attention
being drawn to the employees in the hall can
best be explained by
(A) dichotic listening
(B) the availability heuristic
(C) the use of a mnemonic
(D) the cocktail party phenomenon
(E) priming
A
The cocktail party phenomenon
12
Q
- According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis
of dreaming, dreams serve which of the
following purposes?
(A) To protect the ego from the unconscious
struggles of the mind
(B) To make sense of random neural activity during sleep
(C) To provide unfiltered problem solving of encounters that occurred while awake
(D) To provide a window into the unconscious, revealing true wishes and desires
(E) To provide learning and rehearsal of material
encounters that occurred while awake
A
To make sense of random neural activity during sleep
13
Q
- The opponent-process theory in vision best
explains which of the following?
(A) Size constancy
(B Color afterimages
(C Superior visual acuity in the fovea
(D) Depth perception using monocular cues
(E) Illusory movement
A
Color after images
14
Q
- The receptors for hearing are the
(A) ossicles in the middle ear
(B) otoliths in the semicircular canals
(C) hair cells on the basilar membrane
(D) specialized cells on the tympanic membrane
(E) cells in the lining of the auditory canal
A
Hair cells on the basil at membrane
15
Q
15. The picture above of a road receding in the distance represents the depth perception cue known as (A) accommodation (B) retinal disparity (C) texture gradient (D) relative size
(E) linear perspective
A
Linear perspective
16
Q
- Brain waves during REM sleep generally
A) alternating high- and low-amplitude waves appear as (B) rapid low-amplitude waves (C) irregular medium-amplitude waves (D) slow low-amplitude waves (E) slow high-amplitude waves
A
Rapid low-amplitude waves
17
Q
17. Which of the following is a type of sleep pattern that becomes less prevalent as one moves from infancy to adulthood? (A) Alpha (B) Beta (C) Gamma (D) Theta E)REM
A
REM
18
Q
18. According to current psychological research, hypnosis is most useful for which of the following purposes? (A) Pain control (B) Age regression (C) Treatment of psychotic behavior (D) Treatment of a memory disorder (E) Treatment of a personality disorder
A
Pain control
19
Q
- Checking the coin return every time one passes a
vending machine is a type of behavior probably
being maintained by which of the following
schedules of reinforcement?
(A) Fixed interval only
(B) Fixed ratio only
TC)Variable ratio only
(D) Variable interval and fixed ratio
E) Fixed interval and variable ratio
A
Variable ratio only
20
Q
- Making the amount of time a child can spend playing video games contingent on the amount
of time the child spends practicing the piano is
an illustration of
(A) frequency theory (B) the law of association (C) aversive conditioning (D) classical conditioning (E) operant conditioning
A
Operant condition
21
Q
21. Which of the following strategies undermines the effectiveness of punishment? (A) Delaying punishment (B) Using punishment just severe enough to be effective (C) Making punishment consistent (D) Explaining punishment (E) Minimizing dependence on physical punishment
A
Delaying punishment
22
Q
22. A teacher tells a child to sit down in class Over the course of several days, the child stands up more and more frequently, only to be told to sit down each time. It is most likely that the teacher's reprimands are serving as (A) a punishment (B) approval (C) a reinforcer (D) an aversive stimulus (E) a conditioned stimulus
A
A reinforcer
23
Q
23. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? (A) Food (B) Warmth (C) Water (D) Money (E)Sex
A
Money
24
Q
- Shortly after learning to associate the word
“dog” with certain four-legged furry animals,
young children will frequently misidentify a cow
or a horse as a dog. This phenomenon is best
viewed as an example of
(A) differentiation
(B) negative transfer
(C) imprinting
(D) overextension
(E) linear perspective
A
Overextension
25
25. If on the last day of a psychology class a student
is asked to remember what was done in class
each day during the term, she will likely be able
to remember best the activities of the first and
last class meetings. This situation is an example
of
(A) retroactive interference
(B) positive transfer
(C) the serial position effect
(D) proactive interference
(E) short-term memory
The serial position effect
26
26. Proactive interference describes a process
by which
(A) people remember digits better than words
(8) people remember images better than words
C people remember elements in pairs
D) prior learning interferes with subsequent
learning
(E) subsequent learning interferes with
prior learning
Prior learning interferes with subsequent learning
27
27. Research has shown that students generally
perform better if tested in the same room where-
they originally learned the material. This shows
the importance of which of the following in
memory?
(A) Insight
(B) Preparedness
CContext
(D) Invariance
(E) Rehearsal
Context
28
28. Which of the following is true oe. recall
rformance on a typical forgetting curve?
(A)It decreases rapidly at first, and then it levels off
(B) It decreases slowly at first, and then it drops off quite sharply
C it decreases at a steady rate until it reaches a near zero level
(D) It remains steady for about the first week, then it begins a gradual decline.
(E) It increases for the first few hours after learning, and then it decreases very slowly over the next few weeks
It decreases rapidly at first , and then it levels off
29
29. According to information processing theorv.
information is progressively processed by
(A) long-term memory, short-term memory, and
then sensory memory
(B) sensory memory, short-term memory, and then long term memory
(C) sensory memory, semantic memory, and then long-term memory
(D) short-term memory, semantic memory, and then long term memory
(E) short-term memory, long-term memory, and then sensory memory
Sensory memory , short-term memory , and then long term memory
30
```
30. In problem solving, which of the following
approaches almost always guarantees a correct
solution?
(A) Insight
(B) Heuristic
(C) Algorithm
(D) Critical thinking
(E) Convergent thinking
```
Algorithm
31
31. One theory of the effects of arousal holds that
efficiency of behavior can be described as an
inverted U-shaped function of increasing arousal.
Which of the following accurately describes this
relationship?
(A) Greater arousal leads to better performance.
(B) Greater arousal leads to poorer performance.
(CLow and high levels of arousal lead to
poorest performance.
(D) Overarousal leads to performance efficiency.
(E) Underarousal leads to performance
efficiency.
Low and high levels of arousal lead to poorest performance
32
32. Which of the following illustrates drive
reduction?
(A) A person wins five dollars in the lottery.
(B) A dog burned by a hot stove avoids the stove
thereafter.
(C) A child who likes music turns up the volume
of the radio.
(D) A dog salivates at the sound of a tone
previously paired with fresh meat.
(E) A woman who is cold puts on a warm coat.
A woman who is cold outside on a warm coat
33
33. Which of the following presents a pair of needs
from Abraham Maslow's hierarchical need
structure, in order from lower to higher need?
(A) Belongingness, safety
(B) Self-actualization, physiological needs
Physiological needs, safety
(D) Esteem, belongingness
(E) Self-actualization, esteem
Psychological needs , safety
34
```
34. Which of the following drugs is most likely to
cause hyperalertness, agitation, and general
euphoria?
(A) A barbiturate
(B))A stimulant
(C) A hallucinogen
(D) An antidepressant
(E) An antipsychotic
```
A stimulant
35
```
35. In which of the following areas does research
show most clearly that girls develop earlier than
boys?
(A) Independence from parents
(B) Athletic competence
(C) Intellectual achievement
(D)Adolescent physical growth spurt
(E) Self-actualization
```
Adolescent physical growth spurt
36
36. Developmental psychologists are most likely to
prefer longitudinal research designs to
cross-sectional research designs because
longitudinal designs
(A) usually yield results much more quickly
(B) offer the advantage of between-subjects
comparisons
(C) are much less likely to be influenced by
cultural changes that occur over time
(D) utilize the participants as their own
experimental controls
(E) are more valid
utilize the participants as their own experimental controls
37
37. A young child breaks her cookie into a number
of pieces and asserts that "now there is more to
eat." In Jean Piaget's analysis, the child's
behavior is evidence of
(A) formal operations
(B) concrete operations
(C) conservation
D) preoperational thought
E) sensorimotor behavior
Preoperational thought
38
```
38. The word "negative" in negative reinforcement
refers to the fact that
(A) extinction has taken place
(B) the reinforcement is aversive
C) a response is decreased
(D)a stimulus is removed
(E) a stimulus is added
```
A stimulus is removed
39
39. Four-year-old Annie suspects that her older
brother is playing a trick on her by hiding her
toy, even though he denies he has seen it. This
best illustrates that Annie has acquired
(A) egocentrism
(B) conservation
C)theory of mind
(D accommodation
(E) assimilation
Theory of mind
40
40. When preschool children see the world only
from their point of view, they are displaying
(A) accommodation
(B) assimilation
(C)egocentric thinking
(D) deductive reasoning
(E) object permanence
Egocentric thinking
41
41. When insulted by a friend, Sally's first impulse
was to strike him. Instead, she yelled loudly and
kicked a door several times. This means of
reducing aggressive impulses exemplifies which
of the following?
(A) Repression
(B) Fixation
(C)Displacement
(D) Conservation
(E) Sublimation
Displacement
42
42. If the null hypothesis is rejected, a researcher
can conclude that the
(A) treatment effect was significant
(B) theory must be modified, a new hypothesis
formed, and the experimental procedure
revised
(C) theory does not need modification, but the
hypothesis and the experimental procedure
need revision
(D) theory and hypothesis do not need
modification, but the experimental procedure
needs revision
(E) hypothesis is false
A treatment effect was significant
43
```
43, Erik Erikson's and Sigmund Freed
personality development are most similar in that both
(A) emphasize the libido
(B) focus on adult development
C) discount the importance of Culture
(D) are based on stages
E) view behavior as a continuum
```
Are based on stages
44
```
44, The use of projective tests is associateds with
which of the following psychological
approaches?
(A) Behaviorism
B Psychoanalysis
C) Cognitive behaviorism
(D) Humanism
(E) Functionalism
```
Psychoanalysis
45
45. Alexandra is a singer who likes to write her own songs. Most of her songs are imaginative, with unusual, intelligent lyrics. This information suggests that on the Big Five model of personality, Alexandra would score
```
(A) high in openness to experience
(B) high in neuroticism
(C) high in extraversion
(D) low in neuroticism
(E) high in industry
```
High in openness to experience
46
46. Evidence most strongly supports which of the Following statements about the effects of stress
A) Being able to predict a stressor in your life
does not help mediate its effects.
(B) High levels of stress lead to better cognitive functioning.
(C) Stress has only negative effects on well being
(D) Stressors cCnterpreted and experienced By all people in the same way.
(E) Just believing that a stressor can be controlled can mediate its effects
Just believing that a stressor can be controlled can mediate its effects
47
```
A diagnosis suzophrenia typically includes which of the following symptoms
A) Delusions
(B) Panic attacks
(C) Hypochondriasis
(D) Multiple personalities
(E) Psychosexual dysfunction
```
Delusions
48
```
48. The term etiology" refers to the study of which
of the following aspects of an illness?
(A Origins and causes
B) Characteristic symptoms
Expected outcome following treatment
(D) Frequency of occurrence
(E) Level of contagiousness
```
Origins and causes
49
```
49. An obsession is defined as
(A) a senseless ritual
(B) a hallucination
(C) a delusion
(D) an unwanted thought
(E) a panic attack
```
An unwanted thought
50
```
50. Which of the following personality disorders 1s
Cnaracterized by excessive emotionality and
attention seeking?
(A) Borderline
(B) Histrionic
C) Dependent
(D) Obsessive-compulsive
(E) Schizotypal
```
Histrionic
51
51. Personality disorders are characterized by which of the following?
(A) A fear of public places, frequently
accompanied by panic attacks
B) Problematic social relationships and
inflexible and maladaptive responses to
stress
(C) A successful response to neuroleptic drugs
(D) A deficiency of acetylcholine in the brain
(E) An increased level of serotonin in the brain
Problematic social relationships and inflexible and maladaptive response responses to stress
52
52. Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy
has indicated that
((A) certain therapeutic methods have been
shown to be especially effective for
particular psychological disorders
(B) nondirective techniques are generally are superior to directive ones
(C) the effectiveness of a method depends on the length of time a therapist was trained in the method.
(D) psychoanalysis is the most effective technique for eliminating behavior disorders
(E) psychoanalysis is the most effective technique for curing anxiety disorders
Certain therapeutic methods have been shown to be especially effective for particular psychological orders
53
```
53. Which of the following kinds of therapy attempt
to correct irrational beliefs that lead to
psychological distress?
(A) Behavioral
(B)) Cognitive
(C) Existential
(D) Gestalt
(E) Psychoanalytic
```
Cognitive
54
54. An individual undergoing psychotherapy shows
improvement due only to that person's belief in
the therapy and not because of the therapy itself.
This result illustrates
(A) a transference effect
(B))a placebo effect
(C) the misinformation effect
(D) a positive correlation
(E) a conditioned response
A placebo effect
55
```
55. Which of the following fields is the forerunner
of positive psychology?
(A) Structuralism
(B))Humanism
(C) Functionalism
D) Psychoanalysis
(E) Behaviorism
```
Humanism
56
```
56. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
are used primarily in the treatment of which of
the following?
(A) Antisocial personality disorder
(B) Schizophrenia
(C) Depression
(D) Mania
(E) Sleep disorders
```
Depression
57
```
57. Similarity, proximity, and familiarity are
important determinants of
(A) observational learning
(B) attraction
(C) sexual orientation
(D) aggression
(E) imprinting
```
Attraction
58
58. All of the following are true allowing are true about altruism.
EXCEPT:
(A) It is more common in small .
areas than in cities.
B) it is more likely to be inherited than is
aggressive behavior.
C)A person is more likely to perform
an altruistic act when another person has
modeled altruistic behavior.
(D) A person is more likely to perform
altruistic act when another person has
pointed out the need.
E) A person is more likely to be altruistic
when not in a hurry.
It is more likely to be inherited than is aggressive behavior
59
```
59. The bystander effect has been explained by
which of the following?
(A) Empathy
B) Diffusion of responsibility
(C) Social facilitation
(D) Reactive devaluation
(E) Defective schemas
```
Diffusion if responsibility
60
```
60. Brian always exerts less effort when he is involved in a group project than when he is Working on a project alone. Which of the following is Brian exhibiting?
(A) Group polarization
(B) Social loafing
(C) Social facilitation
(D) Groupthink
(E) Deindividuation
```
Social loafing
61
```
61. Job satisfaction has an inverse relationship
(A) productivity
(B) career interest
turnover
(D) age
(E) skill level
```
Turnover
62
```
62. An attribution that focuses on an individuals Ability or personality characteristics is described as;
(A) situational
(B) collectivist
dispositional
D) stereotypic
E) homogeneous
```
Dispositional
63
```
63.Which of the following terms refers to making a small request to gain
listeners' compliance, then making a larger request?
request?
(A) Door-in-the-face
B) Foot-in-the-door
(C) Social facilitation
(D) Matching
(E) Overjustification
```
Foot in the door
64
64. Which of the following is a true statement about the relationship between test validity and test
reliability?
(A)A test can be reliable without being valid.
(B) A test that has high content validity will
have high reliability.
(C) A test that has low content validity will hav
low reliability.
(D) The higher the test's validity, the lower its
reliability will be.
(E) The validity of a test always exceeds its
reliability.
A test can be reliable without being valid
65
65.Which of the following statistics indicates the
Istribution with the greatest variability?
(A) A variance of 30.6
8)A standard deviation of 11.2
(C) A range of 6
(D) A mean of 61.5
(E) A median of 38
A standard deviation of 11.2
66
```
66. Which of the following techniques is most useful for a researcher studying focal brain activity while a participant generates words?
(A) Computed tomography (CT)
B) Positron-emission tomography (PET)
(C) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
(D) Electrooculography (EOG)
(E) Electroencephalography (EEG)
```
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
67
67. The case study method of conducting research is justifiably criticized because
(A) the researcher cannot focus on a specific
(B) the researcher cannot collect detailed
individual
observations
(C the results are difficult to generalize to a
larger population
(D) it does not allow for the generation of
hypotheses that can be tested in future
experiments
(E) it does not allow for the examination of
unusual cases
The results are difficult to generalize to a larger population
68
68. A person who wants to see an object in low light
(A) the fovea because that is where the cones are
(B) the fovea because that is where the rods are
(C) the periphery of the retina because that is
conditions should focus the object on
more densely packed
more densely packed
where the cones are more densely packed
D) the periphery of the retina because that is
where the rods are more densely packed
(E) both the fovea and the periphery of the retina
to optimize the use of both rods and cones
The periphery if the retina because that is where the cones are more densely packed
69
69. A man's life has been filled with misfortune and
tragic experiences that were unexpected,
unavoidable, and unpredictable. He is depressed
and tells his therapist that he feels he cannot
control the outcome of the events in his life.
Which of the following best explains his
depression?
(A) Learned helplessness
(B) Repression
(C) Operant conditioning
(D) Classical conditioning
(E) Biological rhythms
Learned helplessness
70
```
70. Which of the following is a measure of central
tendency that can be easily distorted by
unusually high or low scores?
A) Mean
(B) Mode
(C) Median
(D) Range
(E) Standard deviation
```
Mean
71
71. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will result in which of the following behaviors in
laboratory rats?
(A) An increase in sexual behavior
(B) An inerease in eating behavior
(C) An increase in visual processing speed
(D) A decrease in auditory perception
(E) A decrease in memory functioning
An increase in eating behavior
72
72. Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas have classified temperament into which of the following clusters?
(A) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational
(B) Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
C) Secure, insecure, resilient
(D) Authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent
(E) Preconventional, conventional,
postconventional
Easy , difficult , slow-to-warm-up
73
```
73. Every day when Carlos leaves his apartment, he locks the door, walks to the corner, turns around, and retuns to his apartment in order to check that the door is locked. He returns to check the door several times before finally crossing the street and going about his day. Carlos would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following conditions?
(A) Narcissistic personality disorder
(B) Panic disorder
(C) Generalized anxiety disorder
D) Bipolar disorder
(E) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
```
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
74
```
74. Which of the following is a method of behavioral therapy that would be most successful in treating someone who is suffering from a specific phobia, such as a fear of snakes?
(A) Free association
(B) Systematic desensitization
(C) Meta-analysis
(D) Unconditional positive regard
(E) Dream analysis
```
Systematic desentization
75
```
75. Tameka regularly sets goals, plans for attaining those goals, and monitors her progress. Her activities are most closely associated with
(A) high extrinsic motivation
(B) high achievement motivation
(C) high extraversion
(D) low extrinsic motivation
(E) low achievement motivation
```
High achievement motivation
76
76. While sitting home one night reading a book and relaxing. Kyle suddenly realized that his heart rate was increasing, he was breathing faster, and
his palms were sweating. Based on this response,
Kyle concluded that he was scared. This is an
example of which of the following theories?
(A) James-Lange
(B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter-Singer
(D) Information processing
(E) Equity
James-Lange
77
```
77. A participant learns a new behavior but does not demonstrate the behavior until a reward is offered for doing so. This is an example of which of the following types of learning?
(A) Chaining
(B) Latent
C) Social
(D) Shaping
(E) Classical conditioning
```
Latent
78
```
78. With regard to understanding human behavior,
the humanistic approaches emphasize
(A) unconscious forces
(B) free will
(C) determinism
(D) inborn traits
(E) stimulus-response relationships
```
Free will
79
```
79. When a nurse touches the cheek of an infant and the infant turns her head toward the touch and opens her mouth, the nurse has elicited the
(A) rooting reflex
(B) Babinski reflex
(C) withdrawal reflex
(D)sucking reflex
(E) Moro reflex
```
Rooting reflex
80
80 In which of the following situations is a students using echoic memory?
(A) Remembering what he ate for dinner last
night
(B) Studying vocabulary words for his Spanish
course
(C) Trying to replay the last few notes his piar
teacher just played
(D) Looking briefly at a picture his friend has
taken of him
(E) Recalling the score of last week's basketb
game
Trying to replay the last few notes his piano teacher just played
81
81 Which of the following theories best supports
the idea that people are genetically predispose
to live in groups because it contributes to the
survival of the species?
(A) Arousal
(B Evolutionary
(C) Incentive
D) Set point
(E) Social learning
Evolutionary
82
```
82. Which of the following is a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attack inappropriate times?
(A) Sleep apnea
(B) REM rebound
(C) Narcolepsy
(D) Paradoxical sleep
E) Sleep terror
```
Narcolepsy
83
```
83. Albert Bandura conducted a study in which a child viewed an adult playing with toys. The adult stood up and kicked and yelled at an inflated doll. The child was then taken to another room containing toys. When left alone, the child lashed out at a similar doll in the room. The child's behavior toward the doll is most likely a result of
(A) observational learning
(B) operant conditioning
(C) classical conditioning
(D) authoritative parenting
(E) authoritarian parenting
```
Observation learning
84
```
84. Lila thinks the new student in her study group is in a fraternity because, to her, he looks like other students who are in fraternities. Lila's decision about the new student is most likely the result
of the
(A) anchoring and adjusting heuristic
(B) availability heuristic
(C) conjunction fallacy
(D) representativeness heuristic
(E) confirmation bias
```
Representativeness heuristic
85
85. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion?
(A) Bill is a good card player who shows no
emotion in his face that would reveal what
he is thinking.
(B) Ellen says that hanging up the laundry on a
clothesline makes her feel happy; she holds
the clothespins in her teeth as she hangs
each piece of clothing.
(C) Juanita fakes a smile to make her friends
think she is happy.
(D) Paul has been blind from birth and has
never seen emotional faces, but he has
emotional facial expressions similar to those
of a sighted person.
(E) As a result of Raj smiling at his customers,
they smile at him.
Ellen says that hanging up in the laundry on a clothesline makes her feel happy ; she holds the clothespins in her teeth as she hangs each piece of clothing.
86
86. Pedro just returned home from seeing a horror film at a movie theater. As he settles into bed, he hears a noise downstairs and perceives it to be an
intruder. This interpretation of the sensory input
is best explained by which of the following?
(A) Figure-ground discrimination
(B) Depth perception
(C) Perceptual constancy
(D) Bottom-up processing
(E) Top-down processing
Top-down processing
87
87. To help Lauren learn to play the violin, her string teacher first provides praise when Lauren plays the correct notes. Then the teacher only provides
praise when Lauren plays the correct notes and
the correct rhythm. Finally, the teacher only
praises Lauren when she plays the correct notes,
the correct rhythm, and the correct tempo. Which
of the following learning techniques is Lauren's
teacher using?
(A) Positive punishment
(B) Elaborative rehearsal
C) Generalization
(D) Chunking
(E) Shaping
Shaping
88
```
88. Toddlers experience a growth spurt in vocabulary because of a process called
(A) babbling
(B) overregularization
(C) telegraphic speech
(D) fast mapping
(E) underextension
```
Fast mapping
89
```
89 A psychologist using Carl Rogers'
orson-centered therapy strives to ensure that clients
(A) understand unconscious influences affecting
hat
their behavior
(B) develop positive thought patterns
(C) develop and use effective behavioral
techniques
D) receive unconditional positive regard
(E) understand their irrational beliefs
```
Receive unconditional positive regard
90
90. Schizophrenia is similar to Parkinson's disease because both disorders
(A) are classified as psychotic
(B) involve an imbalance of the neurotransmitter
dopamine
(C) are treated with selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIS)
(D) are caused by viral infections during infancy
(E) feature enlarged lateral ventricles
Involve an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine
