clc Flashcards

1
Q

Gerund Form

A

-ing form
- talking about feelings and senses

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2
Q

Infinitive Form

A

to - form
- reason for doing something/something that will probably happen in the future

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3
Q

Modal Verbs

A

can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must

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4
Q

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

A

do, be and have

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5
Q

Lexical Verbs

A

express action, state or other predicative meaning

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6
Q

Dependant Preposition

A
  • certain adjectives are followed by a specific preposition
    ex: affraid of/ affraid by
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7
Q

Types of Prepositions

A
  • of Position (above, after, below, down, on, etc.)
  • of Movement (off, onto, over, across, along, past, etc.)
  • of Time (at, in, by, past, on, during, etc.)
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8
Q

Stranded Preposition

A
  • preposition used at the end of the phrase
  • mostly used in: questions, relative clauses, the passive and infintive clauses
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9
Q

Prepositions of Contrast

A

Despite and In spite of
- can be followed by a noun or -ing form

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10
Q

Attributive Position
(Adjective)

A
  • adj. in front of the noun
  • adjectives usually used in this position:
    classifying adj. like:
    chemical, criminal, elder, former, local, medical, etc.
    emphasising adj. like: mere, sheer, utter
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11
Q

Predicative Position
(Adjective)

A
  • adj. after a linking verb
    -adj. usually used in this position:
    beginning with A: ablaze, afloat, afraid, alive, alike, asleep, etc.
    Health and Feelings: content, fine, glad, ill, poorly, etc.
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12
Q

list of adjectives: order

A

! opinion !, size, quality/character, age, shape, colour, participle, origin, material, ! type, purpose !

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13
Q

Comparison Adjectives

A
  • not nearly as adj. as
  • nowhere near as adj. as
  • nothing like as adj. as
  • as adj. a noun as
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14
Q

Linking Verbs

A
  • connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement
    Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, become, seem, appear, feel, look, sound, smell, taste, etc.
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15
Q

Gradable Adjectives

A
  • represent a point on a scale
  • we can make comparative and superlative forms
  • can be made stronger and weaker but not with: absolutely
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16
Q

Ungradable Adjectives

A
  • represent the limit of a scale
  • not used in comparatives or superlatives
  • can be intensified by absolutely, completely, etc.
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17
Q

Adverbs

A
  • tells us how, where, when, how much and with what frequency
    How: quietly, peacefully, slowly, badly, etc.
    Where: above, abroad, far, away, outside, etc.
    When: now, yesterday, soon, later, tonight, etc.
    How much: quite, fairly, too, entirely, etc.
    How often: always, sometimes, never, rarely, etc.
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18
Q

use and positions of adverbs

A
  • usually before the adjective
  • position depends on meaning and the word or phrase it is modifying
  • adverbs which modify adjectives: fixed positions
  • adverbs which modify a verb or add information about how, when or where can take several positions: front, mid, final
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19
Q

Front Position (Adverb)

A
  • before the subject
  • usually adverbs which link or contrast with information in the previous sentence
  • we DO NOT use adverbs of definite frequency in front position
20
Q

Mid Position (Adverb)

A
  • usual position for adverbs of indefinite frequency, adverbs of degree, adverbs of certainty, one-word adverbs of time, even and only
21
Q

Final Position (Adverb)

A
  • most frequent position for adverbs
  • usual position for yet, a lot, any more, any longer, too, as well
  • usually adverbs of manner and adverbs of definite frequency
22
Q

countable and uncountable nouns

A

Countable Nouns: usually concrete nouns (eg: a computer, three computers)
Uncountable Nouns: eg. oil, beauty, fruit
- we don’t use a/an with uncountable nouns & we don’t make them plural
! differences in british and american english !

  • some nouns can be countable or uncountable but have different meanings! eg: coffee, chicken, drawing, stone
23
Q

types of pronouns (9)

A
  • personal (subject & object)
  • possessive
  • reflexive
  • reciprocal
  • demonstrative
  • indefinite
  • relative
  • interrogative
  • impersonal
24
Q

Personal Pronouns

A

Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
ex: WE love learning about grammar

Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
ex: Grammar fascinates US

25
Q

Possessive Pronouns

A

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
ex: The best test results are MINE

26
Q

Reflexive Pronouns

A

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
ex: I’m really pleased with MYSELF

27
Q

Reciprocal Pronouns

A

one another, each other
ex: While revising we helped ONE ANOTHER

28
Q

Demonstrative Pronouns

A

this, that (singular), these, those (plural)
ex: This book is mine. Whose is THAT?

29
Q

Indefinite Pronouns

A

one, body, thing
- preceeded by any-, all-, etc.
ex: SOMEONE cheated on the test

30
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

who, whose, whom, that, which
ex: It was James WHO cheated

31
Q

Interrogative Pronouns

A

who, what, which, whose
ex: WHO fed the cats this morning?

32
Q

Impersonal Pronouns

A

one, you, we, they
ex: ONE is bored with learning grammar

33
Q

Determiners (3 types)

A

articles
demonstrative determiners
quantifiers

34
Q

Articles

A

a, an, the
- used when we name or describe something

35
Q

Demonstrative Determiners

A

this, that (singular), these, those (plural)
- can be used as adjectives before nouns to refer to someone/thing known to speaker and listener

36
Q

Quantifiers

A

every, all, none, some, much, few, half, many, etc.
- often used directly before a noun
- “some” in positives, “any” in negatives

37
Q

Defining Relative Clause

A
  • information is necessary for the sentence to make sense
  • relative pronouns can refer to the subject or object
    -> subject: must use a relative pronoun
    -> object: can leave relative pronoun out
38
Q

Non-Defining Relative Clause

A
  • just gives extra information
  • must use a relative pronoun
  • use commas!
  • we can’t use the relative pronoun “that”
39
Q

Substitution

A

replacing one word or phrase with another

40
Q

Ellipsis

A

leaving one word or phrase out

41
Q

Information Flow Principle

A
  • move from something we know to something new
42
Q

End-Weigh-Principle

A

we prefer to put long and complexe phrases at the end of the sentence

43
Q

Parallel Structure

A

use similar grammar, avoid sudden changes

44
Q

It cleft Sentence

A

“it” + a form of “be” (+ “not” and/or adverb) + emphasised word/phrase + thats/which/who clause

45
Q

wh- cleft sentence

A

wh- clause + a form of “be” + emphasised word or phrase
- must include a verb
- we can reverse the order and put the wh- cleft at the end

46
Q

Fronting

A

putting a phrase you want to emphasise at the front

47
Q

Inversion

A

swapping the position of two clause elements (usually its the subject and verb)