clc Flashcards
Gerund Form
-ing form
- talking about feelings and senses
Infinitive Form
to - form
- reason for doing something/something that will probably happen in the future
Modal Verbs
can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must
Primary Auxiliary Verbs
do, be and have
Lexical Verbs
express action, state or other predicative meaning
Dependant Preposition
- certain adjectives are followed by a specific preposition
ex: affraid of/ affraid by
Types of Prepositions
- of Position (above, after, below, down, on, etc.)
- of Movement (off, onto, over, across, along, past, etc.)
- of Time (at, in, by, past, on, during, etc.)
Stranded Preposition
- preposition used at the end of the phrase
- mostly used in: questions, relative clauses, the passive and infintive clauses
Prepositions of Contrast
Despite and In spite of
- can be followed by a noun or -ing form
Attributive Position
(Adjective)
- adj. in front of the noun
- adjectives usually used in this position:
classifying adj. like:
chemical, criminal, elder, former, local, medical, etc.
emphasising adj. like: mere, sheer, utter
Predicative Position
(Adjective)
- adj. after a linking verb
-adj. usually used in this position:
beginning with A: ablaze, afloat, afraid, alive, alike, asleep, etc.
Health and Feelings: content, fine, glad, ill, poorly, etc.
list of adjectives: order
! opinion !, size, quality/character, age, shape, colour, participle, origin, material, ! type, purpose !
Comparison Adjectives
- not nearly as adj. as
- nowhere near as adj. as
- nothing like as adj. as
- as adj. a noun as
Linking Verbs
- connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, become, seem, appear, feel, look, sound, smell, taste, etc.
Gradable Adjectives
- represent a point on a scale
- we can make comparative and superlative forms
- can be made stronger and weaker but not with: absolutely
Ungradable Adjectives
- represent the limit of a scale
- not used in comparatives or superlatives
- can be intensified by absolutely, completely, etc.
Adverbs
- tells us how, where, when, how much and with what frequency
How: quietly, peacefully, slowly, badly, etc.
Where: above, abroad, far, away, outside, etc.
When: now, yesterday, soon, later, tonight, etc.
How much: quite, fairly, too, entirely, etc.
How often: always, sometimes, never, rarely, etc.
use and positions of adverbs
- usually before the adjective
- position depends on meaning and the word or phrase it is modifying
- adverbs which modify adjectives: fixed positions
- adverbs which modify a verb or add information about how, when or where can take several positions: front, mid, final
Front Position (Adverb)
- before the subject
- usually adverbs which link or contrast with information in the previous sentence
- we DO NOT use adverbs of definite frequency in front position
Mid Position (Adverb)
- usual position for adverbs of indefinite frequency, adverbs of degree, adverbs of certainty, one-word adverbs of time, even and only
Final Position (Adverb)
- most frequent position for adverbs
- usual position for yet, a lot, any more, any longer, too, as well
- usually adverbs of manner and adverbs of definite frequency
countable and uncountable nouns
Countable Nouns: usually concrete nouns (eg: a computer, three computers)
Uncountable Nouns: eg. oil, beauty, fruit
- we don’t use a/an with uncountable nouns & we don’t make them plural
! differences in british and american english !
- some nouns can be countable or uncountable but have different meanings! eg: coffee, chicken, drawing, stone
types of pronouns (9)
- personal (subject & object)
- possessive
- reflexive
- reciprocal
- demonstrative
- indefinite
- relative
- interrogative
- impersonal
Personal Pronouns
Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
ex: WE love learning about grammar
Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
ex: Grammar fascinates US
