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EES 115 Frank Pazzaglia > Clay minerals, saprolite, and soils (Origin of sediments) > Flashcards

Clay minerals, saprolite, and soils (Origin of sediments) Flashcards

9/2 lecture 4

1
Q

What are the chemical ways to erode a rock?

A
  • rainwater dissolves
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2
Q

List a sand factory

A

Biota
Soil
Saprolite
Core stones
Weathering front
Solid rock

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3
Q

Which acid does water and carbon dioxide make?

A

carbonic acid H2CO3

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4
Q

What kind of acid is H2CO3?

A

a simple, weak one

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5
Q

Is rainwater pH neutral?

A

no, it is weakly acidic (pH 5)

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6
Q

What is pH?

A
  • A measure of how basic or acidic a solution is
  • it is taking the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions -log(H+)
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7
Q

How do we know something is acidic? basic? neutral?

A

acidic: low pH
basic: high pH
neutral: 7

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8
Q

Which pH has more hydrogen ions?

A

acidic

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9
Q

what kind of relationship does pH have with hydrogen ions?

A

inverse

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10
Q

what kind of scale does pH have?

A

log scale at a factor of 10

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11
Q

What is the pH of carbonic acid?

A

A little under 5

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12
Q

Why is rainwater acidic?

A

Because it interacts with carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What are organisms doing to the organic material in the soil?

A

roots, fungi, and microbial communities are decomposing organic material in the soil

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14
Q

Which gas is released as a function of decomposition? how?

A

carbon dioxide through respiration

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15
Q

What are soils high in?

A

pCO2 environment

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16
Q

what does the p stand for in pCO2?

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas

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17
Q

What is the parts per million of CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

about 420 ppm (partial pressure)

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18
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the soil?

A

10^4 - 10^5 ppm

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19
Q

What happens in the soil when it rains?

A
  • when rainwater soaks into the soil, it picks up many more hydrogen ions
  • soil water is more acidic than rainwater
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20
Q

Why might there be a big thick soil in one area but not another

A

positive feedback

21
Q

What is critical to weathering reactions?

A

making a weak acid: carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and water

22
Q

What is pyroxene?

A

a silicate

23
Q

What kind of reactions are these:
1. CaSiO3 (wollastonite (silicate)) + 2Co2 + H2O -> Ca(2+) + SiO2 (aq) (silica) + 2HCO3(-)
2. CaCO3 (calcite (limestone, chemical sediment)) +CO2 +H2O -> Ca (2+) + 2HCO3 (-) (bicarbonate)

A

congruent dissolutions

24
Q

What is congruent dissolution?

A

You pull a mineral apart and do not make another solid

25
Q

Where do dissolution reactions occur?

A

soil to weathering front

26
Q

where does the initial dissolution attack occur?

A

weathering front

27
Q

What kind of reaction is this: 2FeO4 (magnetite Fe(2+)) + 1/2O2 + 4HCO3(-) + 4H(+) -> 3Fe2O3 (hematite Fe(3+) + 4H2CO3

A

oxidization (redox)

28
Q

What is an example of an incongruent reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

What is an incongruent reaction?

A

hydrogen ion in aqueous solution (acid) that dissolves some of a mineral and creates a new mineral

30
Q

What kind of reaction is this:
2KALSi3O8 (orthoclase feldspar) +2H(+) + 9H2O <-> H4Al2Si2O9 (kaolinite clay) + 4H4SiO4 + 2K(+)

A

Hydrolysis

31
Q

How is gibbsite made?

A

By adding acid to kaolinite clay

32
Q

What kind of reaction is this: H4Al2Si2O9 (kaolinite clay) + H(+) + H2O <-> 2Al(OH3) + 4H4SiO2

A

Hydrolysis (not balanced)

33
Q

What is CaSiO3?

A

wollastonite (silicate)

34
Q

What is 2HCO3(-)

A

bicarbonate

35
Q

What is SiO2?

A

dissolved silicon dioxide

36
Q

What is CaCo3?

A

limestone, chemical sediment (calcite)

37
Q

What is H2CO3?

A

carbonic acid

38
Q

What is 2Fe3O4?

A

Magnetite Fe(2+)

39
Q

What is Fe2O3?

A

Hematite Fe(3+)

40
Q

What is KAlSi3O8?

A

Orthoclase feldspar

41
Q

What is H4Al2Si2O9?

A

Kaolinite clay

42
Q

What is H4SiO4?

A

silica

43
Q

What is Al(OH3)?

A

Gibbsite

44
Q

What is a reduction?

A

gain of electron

45
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of electron

46
Q

What is chelation?

A

the action of organic acids moving metals through soil with bonds

47
Q

What is EDTA?

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

48
Q

What produces EDTA

A

plants, roots, fungi

49
Q

What kind of reaction is this:

A

chelation

EES 115 Frank Pazzaglia (7 decks)

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