Classifying life and reconstructing phylogenies

Question 1

whats the classification of taxonomy

Answer 1

-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

Question 2

what can phylogeny show

Answer 2

-similarities
-its linear
-speciation: diversity I life
-some groups go extinct
-some new groups are formed

Question 3

whats PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH A TIME DIMENSION

Answer 3

-ghost lineage is primative
-ghost lineage is where we know they exist but there isn’t any fossils to prove it
-look at slide 7

Question 4

what was the revolution in biology regarding phylogenetic analysis

Answer 4

-worked on and out insects are very diverse
-wanted to classify thousands of species
-wrote in German
-used bad terminology therefore his analysis wasn’t really adapted
-1970’s- 80’s

Question 5

what research was done in phylogenetic analysis

Answer 5

1)Create of data matric of character (DNA sequence) states for the taxa under consideration
2)Use a computer package to analyse these data and create a cladogram (using the principles of parsimony or Bayesian methods)- most obvious way of ordering characters sequentially

Question 6

what can characters be

Answer 6

-Analogous—similarity due to convergent evolution (homoplasy)
-Homologous—similarity due to common ancestry
they either are :
-Synplesiomorphies—shared ancestral characters
-Synapomorphies—shared derived characters
-Autapomorphies—characters unique to a taxon

Question 7

what are Monophyletic groups

Answer 7

-Contains the latest common ancestor plus all, and only all, of its descendents- without anything else

Question 8

what are Paraphyletic groups

Answer 8

-Diagnosed by plesiomorphies and not including all the descendents of a common ancestor. A paraphyletic group remains after one or more parts of a monophyletic group have been removed
-bad- not all descendants are included

Question 9

what are Polyphyletic groups

Answer 9

-A group in which the most recent common ancestor is assigned to some other group and not the group itself. It is defined on the basis of convergence, or by non-homologous characters assumed to have been absent in the latest common ancestor
-bad also

Question 10

whats the classification of life

Answer 10

-5 kingdom classification: monera, Protista, Animalia, fungi and plantae
-fungi, animals and plants are all multicellular
-some protists are mulitcellular
-bacrteria present
-8 kingdom system: bacteria, archaea, archaeozoa, Protista, Animalia, fungi, plantae
-3 kingdom system: domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya

Question 11

prokaryotes

Answer 11

-Organisms represented
Bacteria; Cyanobacteria
-Cell size: generally 1-10 um
-Cellular organization: Unicellular or colonial
-Cell walls: Made of particular sugars and peptides
-Flagella & cilia: Some have flagella (but made of flagellin protein)
-Organelles: No membrane-bound organelles
-Metabolism & photosynthesis: Anaerobic; Facultative aerobic
-Genetic organization: Loop of DNA in cytoplasm
-Reproduction: By binary fission. Dominantly asexual but some parasexual

Question 12

eukaryotes

Answer 12

-Organisms represented: Protists; Fungi; Plants; Animals
-Cell size: generally 10-100 um
-Cellular organization: Mainly multicellular with tissues and organs
-Cell walls: Made of cellulose or chitin (but lacking in animals)
-Flagella & cilia: Flagella or cilia with microtubules
-Organelles: Membrane-bound chloroplasts and mitochondria
-Metabolism & photosynthesis: Aerobic
-Genetic organization: DNA in chromosomes in membrane-bound nucleus
-Reproduction: By mitosis or meiosis. Dominantly sexual.

Question 13

what are the 2 types of prokaryotes

Answer 13

-Eubacteria (Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (Archaea).
-Archaebacteria are less numerous and diverse than Eubacteria and inhabit extreme environments– thermophiles (very hot) and halophiles (very salty).

Question 14

what does LUCA stand for

Answer 14

-last universal common ancestor

Question 15

are there 2 types of archaea

Answer 15

-yes but we dont know how they are related