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HLTH 237 Test 2 > Classifying Drugs, Psychopharmacological Properties and Legal Classifications > Flashcards

Classifying Drugs, Psychopharmacological Properties and Legal Classifications Flashcards

1
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of the effects of psychoactive drugs on the human mind and body

Psychological aspect
*distinguishes psychoactive drugs from other substances
* primary effects are on the CNS, altering thoughts and behaviours

Pharmacological
* chemical structure of substances and their effects

Takes a morally neutral view of substances
* different understanding of substances and their effects
* who is using and how they act when using
* psycoactive substances have positive and negative effects

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2
Q

Opioids (8 examples)

A
  • slows down CNS
  • provides analgesic and calming effects
  • produces euphoria

examples
* Codeine
* fentanyl
* heroin
* methadone
* morphine
* opium
* oxycodone
* oxyContin

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3
Q

depressants (6 examples)

A
  • slows down CNS
  • Produces euphoria

examples
* alcohol
* barbiturates
* benzodiazepines
* GHB
* inhalants
* solvents

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4
Q

stimulants (7 examples)

A
  • speeds up CNS
  • produces euphoria

examples
* amphetamines
* bath salts
* caffeine
* cocaine
* khat
* methamphetamines
* nicotine

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5
Q

hallucinogens (6 examples)

A
  • produces sensory distortions and cross-sensory stimulation
  • produces disconnection between physical world and perceptions of it

examples
* ecstasy (MDMA)
* ketamine
* LSD
* mescaline
* PCP
* peyote

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6
Q

Cannabis (4 examples)

A
  • can have slight depressive effects on CNS
  • mild euphoria
  • distorted sensory perceptions

examples
* Cannabis flower
* hasish
* edibles
* concentrates and extracts

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7
Q

psychotherapeutic agents

A
  • levels mood or reduces extreme emotional states
  • moves user towards homeostasis

examples
* antidepressants
* antipsychotics
* mood stabilizers

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8
Q

performance enhanced drugs

A
  • enhances physical performance
  • No psychoactive effect on CNS

examples
* proteins
* steroids
* other hormonal agents

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9
Q

About the pharmacological classifications

A
  • Book combines psychotherapeutic agents and performance enhancing drugs
  • does not correspond to the schedules of substances outlined in Canada’s controlled Drugs and substances act

paradox:
* substances with similar effects carry different legal penalties for possession, trafficking, importing, exporting, or production

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10
Q

Canada’s controlled drugs and substances act

A
  • federal law
  • regulates production, distribution and sale of controlled substances to protect public health and safety
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11
Q

Canada’s controlled drugs and substances act’s classification of psychoactive drugs

A

Schedules 1,3,4,5,6,9

  • schedules 2,7,8 were repealed with cannabis legalization
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12
Q

schedule 1

A

150 different substances

  • opium, amphetamines, methamphetamines
  • PCP, ketamine, MDMA…

Harshest penalties for
* possession
* trafficking
* importing and exporting
* production

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13
Q

schedule 3

A

31 different substances including some amphetamines, sedatives, hypnotics, hallucinogens,
psychedelics, stimulants, antidepressants

  • stimulants for weight loss, euphoria, pain, cough suppression, LSD

penalties are all less than schedule one

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14
Q

schedule 4

A

130 different substances
* barbiturates and benzos
* anabolic steroids
* synthetic opioids not in Schedule 1

penalties
* less than schedule 3
* possession is not regulated

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15
Q

schedule 5

A

currently precursor chemicals used to produce fentanyl-related substances

penalties
* not specified

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16
Q

schedule 6

A

precursor substances used to manifacture illicit and other psychoactive substances

penalties
* not regulated except for importing and exporting
* penalties = schedule 3 for this

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17
Q

schedule 9

A

designated devices used to compact or mould tablets or fill capsules

penalties
* possession = schedule 3
* trafficking and production not regulated
* device must be registered for import or export

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18
Q

opioids AKA narcotics

A
  • derived from opium poppy or synthesized with similar chemical structure
  • depressant effect on CNS
  • mask human response to pain

distinguised from other psychoactive substances by
* ability to produce physical and psychological dependency
* analgesic effect
* intense euphora (most opiods)

  • very useful medically

three categories
* natural
* semi-synthetic
* synthetic

19
Q

natural opioids

A

in use since 4000 BCE

  • derived directly from poppy plant

three most common
* opium
* morphine
* codeine

20
Q

natural opioids: Opium

A
  • raw, milky substance extracted from unripe seeds of poppy plants
  • usually smoked using a pipe
  • no longer used medically
21
Q

morphine

A

discovered and named in 1805
* primary active ingredient in opium
* 10 times stronger than opium

22
Q

codeine

A
  • derivative of opium for analgesic effects, cough suppressant, antidiarrheal agent
  • useful medically because of effectiveness and ability to be combines with non-opioid analgesics
  • less popular recreationally because of relative non-potency
23
Q

semi-synthetic opioids

A

combination of naturally-occurring opioids with other chemical substances

two most common
* heroin
* oxycodone

heroin
* most prohibited opioid globally
* developed in 1874
* derived from morphine with two additional chemicals
* 3 times more potent than morphine
* limited clinical use in Canada for people who don’t respond to methadone

24
Q

oxycodone

A

first manufactured in 1938

  • synthesixed from part of opium plant
  • chemically similar to codeine but more potent
  • used medcially for moderate to severe pain management
  • leads to physical and psychological dependency

oxycontin: time-released version of oxycodone
* introduced in 1995
* initially believed slow-release component would decrease dependency
* heavily marketed to doctors
* driver of today’s opioid crisis

oxycodone + aspirin = Percodan

oxycodone + acetaminophen = percocet

25
Q

synthetic opioids

A

no origin in poppy plant but simmilar effects to semi-synthetic and natural opioids

  • many different types
  • two main types: fentanyl and methadone

fentanyl:
* used in medical settings for pain
* popular bc on street it is 100 times stronger than heroin
* increases chances of death from street drugs

methadone
* doesn’t produce euphoric effect of other opioids
* used as a maintenance or substitution therapy (treatment and maintenance) for opioid use disorder

26
Q

opioids legal classification and penalties

A

most are on schedule 1 of CDSA
* penalties for possession, trafficking, importing or exporting, producing
* penalties range from 6 months to life in prison

two synthetic opioids are on schedule 4
* butorphanol and nalbuphine
* no logical rationale for this

27
Q

depressants

A

wide ranging category
* culturally acceptable: alcohol
* medically useful but potentially dangerous: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
* important uses
* but dangerous when used recreationally: inhalants and solvents

effects similar to opioids: slowing down of CNS and PNS
* respiratory systems slows
* heart rate decreases
* thought processes slow down
* reaction time decreases

can produce euphoria, relaxation, and dull pain

28
Q

alcohol

A

long history
* mead from honey: 8000 BCE
* beer and berry wine: 6400 BCE
* grape wine: 300-400 BCE

all involve fermentation and sometimes distillation of ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

people believe alcohol increases happiness, makes them more social, and makes them willing to do things they might not otherwise do, though this is affected by social setting and expectations

  • high level of toxicity
  • alcohol in combination with other psychoactive drugs can be very risky
29
Q

Barbiturates

A
  • developed at beginning of 20th century to aid with sleep and reduce anxiety
  • became popular in 1960s and 1970s for help with modern-day stress and anxiety
  • as little as 2-4 weeks of regular use can lead to physical and psychological dependence
  • most severe withdrawal of all psychoactive drugs
  • risk of fatality with immediate withdraw or overdose

examples
* pentobarbital
* phenobarbital
* primidone

30
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

developed by pharmaceutical companies as safer, non-addictive barbiturates to reduce anxiety and help with sleep

  • can cause physcial or psychological dependence within 4 weeks
  • when mixed with methadone, can produce euphoria

Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)
* when mixed with alcohol, quickly induces significant intoxication, temporarily blackout and memory impairment

examples
* alprazolam (xanax)
* diazepam (Valium)
* lorazepam (Activan)

31
Q

inhalants and solvents

A

dispensed and inhaled in vapour form

two major groupings: organic anaesthetic

organic
* susbtances legally available but not meant for human consumption (gasoline, paint, cleaning products, glues)
* young people are most likely to use because they are readily available unlike other substances

anaesthetic
* legally approved for medical use, but also used recreationally to produce euphoria (ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide)

  • some of the few drugs that do actually produce permanent brain damage when misused
32
Q

legal classification and penalties

A

complex topic

alcohol: most widely used depressant, yet not controlled or regulated under CDSA

several benzos, barbiturates, some sedatives and hypnotics are controlled and regulated under schedule 3 and 4 of CDSA

possession of some depressants might lead to significant punishment, while possession of substances that are pharmacologically similar might not

some depressant solvents are controlled under schedule 6 (precursor substances)
* but schedule 6 is only concerned with important and exporting so possession and use are not punished

GHB and Rohypnol are on Schedule 1, despite most similar depressants being on schedule 6
* no justification, but likley because of their use in sexual assault
* alcohol is used more often in sexual assaults but it is not controlled under CDSA

33
Q

stimulants

A
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines (including methampetamines)
  • nicotine
  • caffeine
34
Q

cocaine

A

originates in coca plant, primarily grown in South American Andes mountains
* used for centuries by Indigenous people

  • isolated in 1860: seen as therapeutic
  • most used recreationally

two types:
* powder: usually snorted, can be injected or smoked if modified
* crack: usually heated and inhaled

large differences in societal views and legality based on demographics of people who use

CDSA schedule 1

35
Q

amphetamines (including methamphetamines)

A
  • synthetic substances derived in labs
  • developed to mimic adrenaline
  • medically used for narcolepsy, weight loss, and ADHD (ritalin, adderall)

paradoxical effect: using a stimulant to control ADHD

increased popularity among students
* but not effective in improving long-term or overall performance

meth
* popular recreationally because powerful rush of euphoria

  • other deisgner of club drugs: bath salts
  • many are on CDSA schedule 1 and some on schedule 3
36
Q

minor stimulants

A

nicotine:
* psychoactive agent found in tobacco
* stimulates, then depresses brain and nervous system activity
* E-cigarettes allow for ingestion without tobacco
* highly addictive physically and psychologically
* not in CDSA: limited controls regulating sales

caffeine
* found in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, energy drinks
* increases wakefulness
* potential for dependence and withdrawal
* often not seen as a drug
* 80% of Canadians consume regularly
* not in CDSA, no controls regulating sales

37
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • health and social effects widely debated
  • produce disconnect between physical world and how people perceive the physical world
  • some see them as mind-expanding and even spiritual
  • do not produce physical dependency
  • new research on MDMA on PTSD and Ketamine on depression
  • regular use leads to tachyphylaxis, rapid development of tolerance
38
Q

Hallucinogens examples

A

natural hallucinogens
* peyote, psilocybin aka shrooms
* schedule 3 of CDSA

semi-synthetic hallucinogen: LSD
* derived from fungus on rye plants
* most potent hallucinogen
* schedule 3

synthetic hallucinogens
* amphetamine-based drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies
* PCP, MDMA, ketamine
* schedule 1 of CDSA

39
Q

cannabis

A
  • among most consumed drug globally
  • rapid change from prohibition to legalization and regulation in North America and elsewhere
  • legalization vs decrimilization
  • medical use is claimed, but little empirical support
  • can affect brain development

claimed to be the “gateway drug”
* inevitable fallacy
* causal fallacy

40
Q

inevitability fallacy

A

people who use cannabis either leads to:
* people who use hard drug
* or people who do not use hard drugs

41
Q

causal fallacy

A

causal argument
* cannabis users progress to more potent drugs because they are unsatisfied with the high from cannabis

alternative explanations
* breaking the law by using cannabis makes it easier to break law to use other drugs??
* beginning cannabis use puts one is a subculture that makes it more likely to use other drugs??

42
Q

Psychotherapeutic agents

A
  • alter thought processes, mood, and emotional reactions to environment
  • intended use is for diagnosed mental health conditions
  • can produce unpleasant side effects
  • effects take time to come about, not really used recreationally

three categories
* antipsychotics: Haldol, Largactil, Serpasil
* antidepressants: Wellbutrin, effexor, Cymbalta
* mood stabilizers: Eskalith, tegretol, depakene

most aren’t in the CDSA, some antidepressants on schedule 3

43
Q

performance-enhancing drugs

A
  • aren’t psychoactive but use a global issue
  • used to build muscle and improve physical performance
  • mimic substances produced naturally in body

major types
* proteins
* anabolic androgenic steroids: artificial form of testosterone
* human growth hormones

50 anabolic steroids are in schedule 4 of CDSA

44
Q

the problem with drug effects and legal classifications

A
  • criminalization is not effective so not justified
  • lack of justification for some substances on different schedules with divergent penalties
  • psychoactive drugs far more complex than law suggests

HLTH 237 Test 2 (4 decks)

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