Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro III > Classifications, Syndromes, and Mechanism of Injury > Flashcards

Classifications, Syndromes, and Mechanism of Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the non-traumatic types of injuries?

A 
Infections
Vascular lesions or inflammatory disorders 
Diseases or degeneration
Congenital anomalies
Psychological causes
Neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is transverse myelitis?

A 
a common inflammatory disorder that is common in rehab facilities. 
progresses over a 48 hour to week period
50% have paralysis
All have neurogenic bladder
80-90% have sensory problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the prognosis for transverse myelitis?

A

1/3 recover
1/3 paraplegic
1/3 some neural deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the traumatic causes of SPI?

A

Vehicular, Falls, Violence, Sports and other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What material is in the white matter of the spine?

A

Axons

Descending and ascending tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What material is in the grey matter of the spine?

A

Cell bodies

Anterior horn cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is conus medullaris?

A

The termination of the SPC (L1-L2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

The single part of SPC that anchors it to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cauda equine?

A

The rest of the nerve roots from the end of the SPC (horse’s tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the parts of the vertebra?

A 
Vertebral canal
Spinous process,
Transverse process
Lamina
Pedicle
Facet Joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the ligaments in the spine?

A

Alar ligament
Tranverse ligament of the Atlas
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the blood supply to the SPC?

A

Anterior spinal artery (1)

Posterior spinal artery (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

Descending tract, crosses at medulla (90%), voluntary movement and innervates skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Descending tract, ispilateral, upright posture and head stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is recticulospinal tract?

A

Descending tract, starts in RAS, ventral (ipsi) facilitates extension, lateral (ipsi and contra) muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A

Descending tract, starts in red nucleus, ipsilateral, facilitates UE flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the tectospinal tract?

A

Descending tract, facilitates reflexes, posture of head, and response to vision. Coordinates head and eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

Ascending tract, lateral and anterior, facilitates pain and temperature, lateral ascends 2-4 levels before crossing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Ascending tract, contralateral and ipsilateral, facilitates unconscious proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the dorsal columns?

A

Ascending tracts, cross at medulla, facilitate kinesthia, vibration, proprioception, tactile discrimination (2pt, stereognesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the descending tracts?

A 
Corticiospinal
Vestibulospinal
Recticulospinal
Rubrospinal
Tectospinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the ascending tracts?

A

Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
Doral columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most common mechanisms of injury?

A 
FORCED FLEXION
forced extension
axial loading
shearing 
distraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the magnitude and direction or injury determine?

A

The pattern and severity of injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What determines the spine's stability?
The extent and location of bony and ligamentous damage
26
What does C3-C5 innervate?
Diaphragm (phrenic nerve)
27
What does C4-C7 innervate?
The shoulder and arm musculature
28
What does C6-C8 innervate?
Forearm flexors and extensors
29
What does C8-T1 innervate?
Hand musculature
30
Facts about cervical injuries
``` Most vulnerable (52%) usually lower levels d/t smaller canal ```
31
Facts about thoracic injuries
Most stable and likely to be complete | T12-L1 junction must vulnerable d/t changing from stability to flexibility
32
Facts about lumbar injuries
Usually incomplete | cauda equine less sensitive because not a solid structure
33
What does L2-L3 mediate?
Hip flexion
34
What does L3-L4 mediate?
Knee extension
35
What does L4-L5 mediate?
Ankle dorsiflexion and hip extension
36
What does L5-S1 mediate?
Knee flexion
37
What does S1-S2 mediate?
Ankle plantar flexion
38
What do the sacral nerve roots provide?
Parasympathetic innervation to pelvic and abdominal organs, (L1-L2 contain sympathetic innervation of pelvic and abdominal organs)
39
What are the associated injuries of a SPI?
``` fracture pneumothorax hemothorax head injury (TBI) brachial plexus injury peripheral nerve injury ```
40
How does damage spread?
Outward, rostrally, and caudally
41
What is the primary damage of the pathological changes?
Neuronal damage
42
What is the secondary damage of the pathological changes?
Ischemia inflammation disruption of ion concentrations (decrease excitability) apoptosis (cell death)
43
What is the effect of spinal shock?
``` immediate response (transient) motor/sensory function, spinal reflexes, and autonomic function is absent or depressed caudal to the lesion will recover some function days to months afterward ```
44
What is return of function?
If the brain and SPC stay connected, the body can have return of some function that was lost. It is rare to completely sever the SPC
45
What if return does not occur?
Portion of the cord caudal to the injury could function i.e. spinal reflexes but no voluntary movement, sensation or autonomic function below LOL. Spinal reflexes are not a sign of return
46
How does return of function occur?
Remyelination of surviving neurons by resolution of: edema hemorrhage vasoconstriction
47
What are the predictors of motor return?
``` incomplete injury preserved motor function preserved pin prick sensation early return younger age ```
48
What is a neurological level?
Most caudal level with both normal motor and sensory function bilaterally
49
What is a motor level?
Most caudal level with normal motor function bilaterally, (3/5 or above and level above must be a 5/5 unless d/t p!)
50
What is a sensory level?
Most caudal level with normal sensory function bilaterally
51
How is a complete injury classified?
No motor or sensory function at S4-S5
52
How is an incomplete injury classified?
Normal motor and/or sensory function at S4-S5
53
What is zone of partial preservation?
Most caudal level with any innervation (only used with complete injury)
54
What is ASIA A?
Complete. No sensory or motor function preserved in S4-S5
55
What is ASIA B?
Sensory incomplete. Sensory function is preserved below neurological level and includes S4-S5. No motor function is reserved more than three levels below the motor level on either side
56
What is ASIA C?
Motor incomplete. Motor function preserved below neurological level and more than 1/2 of the key muscles below LOL are rated <3/5. Includes S4-S5
57
What is ASIA D?
Motor incomplete. Motor function is preserved below neurological level and at least 1/2 of the key muscles below LOL are rate 3/5 or more. Includes S4-S5
58
What is ASIA E?
Normal. Sensation and motor function are graded as normal in all segments when compared with previous ASIA rating of patient.
59
What are the guidelines for ASIA testing
Test key muscles, key sensory points, test in supine, sacral sparing basis for incomplete
60
What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Usually resultant from GSW or stab wound Ispilateral loss of position sense/vibration and motor function and will have spasticity all below LOL. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature of LOL
61
What is the prognosis of Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Good. 75% will ambulate I at discharge. 80-90% will have bowel and bladder function at discharge
62
What is anterior cord syndrome?
2/3 of SPC is damaged. Bilateral loss of anterior horn cells, pain and temperature. LMN at LOL UMN below LOL. Relative preservation of dorsal columns.
63
What is the prognosis of anterior cord syndrome?
Poor. 10-20% will recover some motor function
64
What is central cord syndrome?
Most common incomplete injury. Occurs with stenosis in older patients and hyperextension. UE motor loss more than LE. Variable sensory loss. May or may not have S4-S5
65
What is the prognosis of central cord syndrome?
Favorable. 77% ambulate and 42% have hand function
66
What is conus medullaris syndrome?
Injury to conus medullaris (T12-L2 which contains B&B motor neurons) May have perianal sensation and external sphincter control. Usually B&B incontinent
67
What is cauda equina syndrome?
Injury to the cauda equina. LMN incomplete injury and behaves like a peripheral nerve injury. (flaccid paralysis and B&B incontinent) usually will not recover fully.
68
What is the incidence of a traumatic SPI?
12,000 survivors each year in USA
69
What is the age at injury?
16-30 years usually. Average 33 (increase in age d/t increase in population age)
70
What is the gender relationship to SPI?
80% male and 20% female
71
What is the race/ethnicity relationship in SPI?
``` Caucasian 66% AA 27% Hispanic 16% Native American 2% Asian 2% ```
72
What is the occupational status at time of injury?
60% employed | 40% unemployed
73
What is relationship status at injury?
little over 50% single, slightly lower than general population of likelihood of getting or staying married
74
What is the difference in LOS with acute injury?
1974- 25 days | Now - 15 days
75
What is the difference in LOS with rehab?
1974- 115 days | Now- 40 days
76
What is the difference in paraplegia and quadraplegia/tetraplegia?
Paraplegia below T2 | Quad/tetra at or above T2
77
Where are patients discharged to?
private residence 89.3% nursing home 6.6% group home and other is remaining
78
How many vertebrae are there?
``` 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal ```
79
How many spinal nerve roots are there?
``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Neuro III (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions